SN76489 programmable sound generator using VHDL and CPP

Texas Instruments SN76489 - Wikipedia

SN76489 Complex Sound Generator

VHDL, BSD 3-Clause

A huge amount of effort has gone into making this core as accurate as possible to the real IC, while at the same time making it usable in all digital SoC designs, i.e. retro-computer and game systems, etc. Design elements from the real IC were used and implemented when possible, with any work-around or changes noted along with the reasons.

Synthesized and FPGA proven:

• Xilinx Spartan-6 LX16, SoC 21.477MHz system clock, 3.58MHz clock-enable.

References:

• The SN76489 datasheet
• Insight gained from the AY-3-8910/YM-2149 die-shot and reverse-engineered schematics (similar audio chips from the same era).
• Real hardware (SN76489 in a ColecoVision game console).
• Chip quirks, use, and abuse details from friends and retro enthusiasts.

Generates:

• Unsigned 12-bit output for each channel.
• Unsigned 14-bit summation of the four channels.
• Signed 14-bit PCM summation of the four channels, with each channel converted to -/+ zero-centered level or -/+ full-range level.

The tone counters are period-limited to prevent the very high frequency outputs that the original IC is capable of producing. Frequencies above 20KHz cause problems in all-digital systems with sampling rates around 44.1KHz to 48KHz. The primary use of these high frequencies was as a carrier for amplitude modulated (AM) audio. The high frequency would be filtered out by external electronics, leaving only the low frequency audio.

When the tone counters are limited, the output square-wave is disabled, but the amplitude can still be changed, which allows the A.M. technique to still work in a digital Soc.

I/O requires at least two clock-enable cycles. This could be modified to operate faster, i.e. based on the input-clock directly. All inputs are registered at the system-clock rate.

Optionally simulates the original 32-clock (clock-enable) I/O cycle.

The SN76489 does not have an external reset and the original IC "wakes up" generating a tone. This implementation sets the default output level to full attenuation (silent output). If the original functionality is desired, modify the channel period and level register initial values.

Basic I/O interface use:

• Set-up data on data_i.
• Set ce_n_i and wr_n_i low.
• Observe ready_o and wait for it to become high.
• Set wr_n_i high, if done writing to the chip set ce_n_i high.

SN76489 Complex Sound Generator 

TDSN76489

SN76489 implementation for Teensyduino Audio Library

Information regarding the implementation of the Sega Master System's variant of the SN76489 can be found at: http://www.smspower.org/Development/SN76489

Example sketches in this library use VGM files to test the SN76489. VGM files for Master System are commonly found in compressed format (7z) on the web. To use them with this libary you will need to extract them:

Linux users:

7za -e %vgmfile>#/p###

Afterwards, if you wish to generate a header file which can be included in a project:

xxd --include %extractedvgmfile% &> %file>#/p###

Windows users: ask google

TDSN76489 

DS41228F

This document includes the programming specifications for the following devices:
• PIC10F200
• PIC10F202
• PIC10F204
• PIC10F206

MEMORY MAPPING
User Program Memory Map
The user memory space extends from (0x000-0x0FF) on the PIC10F200/204 and (0x000-0x1FF) on the PIC10F202/206. In Program/Verify mode, the program memory space extends from (0x000-0x1FF) for the PIC10F200/204 and (0x000-0x3FF) for the PIC10F202/206. The first half, (0x000-0x0FF) and (0x000-0x1FF) respectively, is user program memory. The second half, (0x100-0x1FF) and (0x200-0x3FF) respectively, is configuration memory. The PC will
increment from (0x000-0x0FF) and (0x000-0x1FF) respectively, then to 0x100 and 0x200, respectively (not to 0x000).
In the configuration memory space, 0x100-0x13F for the PIC10F200/204, and 0x200-0x23F for the PIC10F202/206, are physically implemented. However, only locations 0x100-0x103 and 0x200-0x203 are available. Other locations are reserved.

HOW TO VIEW THE BACKUP OSCCAL?

The memory locations 0x0100-0x103 are used for User ID Locations. The backup value of the OSCCAL value is located at 0x0104. 

Take any fresh PIC10F200 and read the content normally.

We can see the final location of the FLASH memory contains the OSCCAL value of 0xC18

Now set the device as PIC10F202. By this way the programmer able to access the higher memory locations.

In the above view please note the selected chip is PIC10F202. But the actual chip we used is PIC10F200. At the memory location 0x0104 we can see the same OSCCAL value which in this chip is 0xC18.

Below is the screen view for one more PIC10F200 chip

In the above case the different PIC10F200 which is having the OSCCAL of 0xC1C. The same value of 0xC1C can be seen at the location 0x0104.

Other values are RESERVED as per Microchip and needs further investigation.

COMMANDS             STATEMENTS           OPERATORS
RUN                  BAUD                 ADD (+)
CONT                 CALL                 DIVIDE (/)
LIST                 CLEAR                EXPONENTIATION (**)
LIST#                CLEAR(S&I)           MULTIPLY (*)
LIST@ (V1.1)         CLOCK(1&0)           SUBTRACT (-)
NEW                  DATA                 LOGICAL AND (.AND.)
NULL                 READ                 LOGICAL OR (.OR.)
RAM                  RESTORE              LOGICAL X-OR (.XOR.)
ROM                  DIM                  LOGICAL NOT (.OR.)
XFER                 DO-WHILE             ABS( )
PROG                 DO-UNTIL             INT( )
PROG1                END                  SGN( )
PROG2                FOR-TO-STEP          SQR( )
PROG3 (V1.1)         NEXT                 RND
PROG4 (V1.1)         GOSUB                LOG( )
PROG5 (V1.1)         RETURN               EXP( )
PROG6 (V1.1)         GOTO                 SIN( )
FPROG                ON-GOTO              COS( )
FPROG1               ON-GOSUB             TAN( )
FPROG2               IF-THEN-ELSE         ATN( )
FPROG3 (V1.1)        INPUT                =, >, >=, <, <=, <>
FPROG4 (V1.1)        LET                  ASC( )
FPROG5 (V1.1)        ONERR                CHR( )
FPROG6 (V1.1)        ONEX1                CBY( )
                     ONTIME               DBY( )
                     PRINT                XBY( )
                     PRINT#               GET
                     PRINT@ (V1.1)        IE
                     PH0.                 IP
                     PH0.#                PORT1
                     PH0.@ (V1.1)         PCON
                     PH1.                 RCAP2
                     PH1.#                T2CON
                     PH1.(@ (V1.1)        TCON
                     PGM (V1. 1 )         TMOD
                     PUSH                 TIME
                     POP                  TIMER0
                     PWM                  TIMER1
                     REM                  TIMER2
                     RETI                 XTAL
                     STOP                 MTOP
                     STRING               LEN
                     UI(1&0)              FREE
                     U0(1&0)              PI
                     LD@ (V1. 1 )
                     ST@ (V1. 1 )
                     IDLE (V1.1)
                     RROM (V1. 1 )

Let us calculate the speed of light from permittivity of free space and permeability of free space.

ε0 = 8.8541878188(14)×10−12 F⋅m−1

μ0 = 1.25663706127(20)×10−6 N⋅A−2

10     REM CALCULATE SPEED OF LIGHT
20    MUZERO=1.2566370612720E-6
30    EPZERO=8.854187818814E-12
60    C=1/SQR(MUZERO*EPZERO)
70     PRINT " SPEED OF LIGHT c = ",C,"m/s"
80     END

Or we can simply write directly as

10     REM CALCULATE SPEED OF LIGHT
20    C=1/SQR(1.2566371E-6*8.8541878E-12)
30     PRINT " SPEED OF LIGHT  c = ",C,"m/s"
40     END

READY
>RUN

 SPEED OF LIGHT  c =  2.9979245 E+8 m/s

READY
>

10     REM CALCULATE SPEED OF LIGHT
20    MUZERO=1.2566370612720E-6
30    EPZERO=8.854187818814E-12
40    rem X=MUZERO*EPZERO
50    rem Y=SQR(X)
60    C=1/SQR(muzero*epzero)
70     PRINT " SPEED OF LIGHT = ",C, "m/s"
80     END
90 rem MUZERO = 1.2566370612720e-6
100 rem EPZERO = 8.854187818814e-12
110 rem MUZERO * EPZERO = 1.1126500560584764552371408e-17
120 rem SQR(MUZERO * EPZERO) = 3.3356409519888024891312226903836e-9
130 rem C = 29,97,92,457.99934552707422964167902

 The above is comparison data between BASIC-52 and MS Windows calculator results.

10     REM CALCULATE SPEED OF LIGHT
20    MUZERO=PI*4E-7
30    EPZERO=8.854187818814E-12
60    C=1/SQR(MUZERO*EPZERO)
70     PRINT " SPEED OF LIGHT = ",C,"m/s"
80     END

The above uses constant PI directly and gives only 2m error.

READY
>RUN

 SPEED OF LIGHT =  2.9979246 E+8 m/s

Few simple and effective available free resources for generating rMQR code generation and decoding.

The following site supports online rMQR, MicroQR, QRcode generation. The source code also available in Github. It is based on RUST  implementation

You can try to encode your message into a barcode at  HERE

Python based rMQR code generation implementation is available for online generation

You can try it at HERE

This site provides multiple type barcode generation. You can generate rMQR, MicroQR, QRcode, tQR, EAN13, EAN8, UPCA, CODE39, CODE93, NW7 and ITF type of barcodes. This site also provides image decoding or camera decoding.

Qrean wasm demo

Terry Burton's post script based barcode generator supports plenty of barcode types including rMQR code.

You can try the online barcode generator HERE

SMARTPHONE SCANNER:

currently few smartphone apps available for decoding the rMQR. The official Denso site suggest the following app. It is available for both iOS and Android version.

The android version is available from Google Play

The iOS version is available from the App Store

This App can scan using smartphone camera or photos and images stored in your gallery.  This App expects much higher border around the code to decode.

The other App which supports for smartphone is Scandit

The DEMO version available for Android and iOS

The Scandit Demo app supports the rMQR by selecting ANY CODE option on the GUI of the main screen. This app just scans and displays the result and we can copy the scanned message. But the DEMO app doesn't capable of generating the code.

MCS-85 Instruction 

Intel 8085 Mnimonic and opcode

High Capacity Color Barcodes (HCCB) and JAB Code are advanced 2D barcode technologies that use multiple colors to significantly increase data storage density compared to traditional black-and-white codes.

HCCB Technology Developed by Microsoft Research, HCCB uses multicolor symbols and unique shapes to store more data per square inch. Laboratory tests have shown storage of up to 2,000 bytes or 3,500 characters per square inch at 600 dpi — roughly equivalent to two pages of a novel. It supports digital signing using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) with RSA-1024 equivalent security, enabling data integrity verification. HCCB can store multiple payloads in a small file system format and is optimized for mobile device decoding, even from low-quality images, outperforming QR Codes in some scenarios.

JAB Code JAB Code (Just Another Barcode) is an ISO/IEC 23634:2022 standard for high-capacity color barcodes. It uses colorful square modules arranged in grids, with a primary symbol (containing finder patterns) and optional secondary symbols for scalability. It supports error correction and can encode from small to very large datasets. JAB Code is open-source, with a C-based library for encoding/decoding, and can be built for Linux or Windows.

JABCODE

jabcode/jabcode: jabcode - color bar code

JAB Code Standard ISO/IEC 23634

The following sequence of Pi is encoded into JABCODE as follows:

3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510582097494459230781640628620899862803482534211706798214808651328230664709384460955058223172535940812848111745028410270193852110555964462294895493038196442881097566593344612847564823378678316527120190914564856692346034861045432664821339360726024914127372458700660631558817488152092096282925409171536436789259036001133053054882046652138414695194151160943305727036575959195309218611738193261179310511854807446237996274956735188575272489122793818301194912983367336244065664308602139494639522473719070217986094370277053921717629317675238467481846766940513200056812714526356082778577134275778960917363717872146844090122495343014654958537105079227968925892354201995611212902196086403441815981362977477130996051870721134999999

Online barcode generator ULTRACODE

Ultracode:

This Symbology is also known as Ultracode 2D Color Barcode a.k.a AIM ISS Ultracode.

The Ultracode symbology is a colour, 2D matrix-style barcode symbology that can encode full 256 character extended-ASCII. It supports six error correction levels.

Example of Ultracode barcode images

Code property = Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. will produce the following barcode image:

Free Online Barcode Generator - Create Print-Ready Barcodes

Toei Subway First Introduces! Automatic Platform Door Control System Based on Denso Wave’s New QR Codes

that Toei Subway has adopted an automatic platform door control system based on Denso Wave’s new QR Codes (tQR™) developed jointly with Toei Transportation. The system was first introduced on the Toei Asakusa Line(1). Before this introduction, starting on November 24, 2017, the system was tested and verified on platform doors for approximately one month at Daimon Station. According to Toei Transportation, work on Platform 2 at Shimbashi Station to equip platform doors linked to the system will begin after the last train departs on June 8, 2019. The system is slated to become operational at the station around October 2019.

According to information released by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism,(2)to prevent falls from train and subway platforms, a goal has been set to install platform doors at 800 stations around the country by 2020. This system uses QR Codes and platform scanners in place of communication and control devices to be mounted on each train, resulting in lower costs and shorter work times for retrofitting train cars. The system implements the following features:

• Feature 1. Shorter work times for retrofitting train cars Affixing labels printed with tQR Codes to train car doors is all that is required, allowing installation of the control system without major work on the train cars.
• Feature 2. Allows train conductors to open and close platform doors with a single action Platform doors linked to the system can be opened and closed only by operating the train doors, eliminating delays caused by trains forced to stop and wait for platform doors to open and close.

Plans call for the system to be installed by Toei Transportation at Shimbashi, Daimon, Mita, and Sengakuji Stations on Toei Subway’s Asakusa Line ahead of the Tokyo 2020 Olympics and Paralympics. The company is targeting installation at all Asakusa Line stations by 2023.

kikuchan/libqrean: A portable QR and Barcode generation / manipulation library written in C.

Qrean wasm demo

QR

World’s First Platform Doors Using 2D Codes Installed at Toei Subway Stations

2024 marks the 30th anniversary of the 2D code developed by the Japanese firm Denso Wave Inc. The Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation (Toei Transportation) has now collaborated with Denso Wave to develop the world’s first 2D-code system for opening and closing platform doors at stations on the Toei Subway Asakusa Line in Tokyo. The two are now offering the technology to other rail operators free of charge.

Platform doors installed at railway stations prevent passengers from falling on or entering the tracks. Transporting on average about 2.2 million people a day on all four of their Tokyo lines, Toei Subway first introduced platform doors on the Mita Line and quickly saw a sharp decrease in the number of platform accidents. Platform doors were subsequently installed on other lines as well. To operate the doors properly, all train carriages require sensors to allow synchronization of the opening and closing of the train and platform doors. Installing sensors across all trains, however, requires a significant amount of money. On the Asakusa Line, which is run by five different railway operators, including Toei Subway, the prohibitive cost of installation caused difficulties in reaching an agreement on implementation of the doors.

To solve this problem, OKAMOTO Seiji of the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation, who has worked in railways for about 40 years, turned to the two-dimensional QR code, a Denso Wave Inc. registered trademark. “2D codes hold up well against dirt and can carry a lot of data. I thought we could make good use of these codes, so I approached the company and asked if we could work together,” recalls Okamoto....

Monthly calendar printing program Between 1900 and 2099 using BASIC. Works well with QB64.

10 REM CALENDAR.BAS    - LAST EDITTED 31/01/82
20 REM Dr Dobbs Nov 1981 p61
30 REM This program inputs a month and year and
40 REM from that prints the current months calendar.
50 REM
60 DEFINT A-Y
70 DEFSTR Z
80 INPUT "Month";M
90 INPUT "Year";Y
100 IF Y<1900 OR Y > 2099 THEN PRINT "Between 1900 and 2099 please!" : GOTO 80
110 IF M <1 OR M > 12 GOTO 80
120 MONTH = M : YEAR = Y : GOSUB 320
130 DAY = D : YEAR = Y : MONTH = M+1
140 IF MONTH < 13 GOTO 160 ELSE MONTH = 1
150 YEAR = YEAR +1
160 GOSUB 320
170 D=28+D-DAY
180 IF D<28 THEN D = D+7
190 FOR I=1 TO M
200    READ ZMONTH
210 NEXT
220 PRINT " ";ZMONTH; TAB(25);
230 PRINT USING "####";Y
240 PRINT " Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat"
250 PRINT TAB(DAY*4+1);
260 FOR I=1 TO D
270    PRINT USING "  ##";I;
280    IF (I+DAY) MOD 7 = 0 AND I < D THEN PRINT
290 NEXT
300 PRINT
310 END
320 REM Compute the day of the week
330 MONTH = MONTH -2
340 IF MONTH > 0 GOTO 360 ELSE MONTH = MONTH + 12
350 YEAR = YEAR - 1
360 CENTURY = YEAR\100
370 YEAR = YEAR MOD 100
380 D= ((13*MONTH - 1)\ 5 + 5 * YEAR\4 + CENTURY\4 - 2 * CENTURY +1) MOD 7
390 RETURN
400 DATA January,February,March,April,May,June,July,August,September
410 DATA October,November,December

Introduction: 

While BASIC-52 allows you to access Port 1 bits directly through BASIC, it does not allow direct access of the Port 3 bits available on many of the boards and modules

Background: Port 3 is an 8 bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.

•                         Port Pin                   Alternaye Function
•                            P3.0                      RXD (serial input port)
•                            P3.1                      TXD (serial output port)
•                            P3.2                      *INT0 (external interrupt 0)
•                            P3.3                      *INT1 (external interrupt 1)
•                            P3.4                      T0 (timer 0 external input)
•                            P3.5                      T1 (timer 1 external input)
•                            P3.6                      *WR (external Data Memory write strobe)
•                            P3.7                       RD (external Data Memory read strobe)

Program Listing:

Example 1: Waiting for a bit to be set or cleared

BASIC-52 program . . . CALL xxxxh

Assembly routine

xxxxh Label1: JB P3.x, Label1 ;Loop until bit is set RET ;Return to BASIC program

or

xxxxh Label1: JNB P3.x,Label1 ;Loop until bit is cleared RET ;Return to BASIC program

Example 2: Return the state of a bit to BASIC-52

BASIC-52 program . . . CALL xxxxh

Assembly routine

Xxxxh Label1: JB P3.x, B_SET ;Test the bit, jump if set B_CLR: MOV 20h, #0 ;Store 0 if cleared RET

B_SET: MOV 20h, #1 ;Store 1 if set RET

Once you are back in the BASIC program use the following line to read what was stored:

IF DBY(20h)=0 THEN PRINT "P3.x = Low" ELSE PRINT "P3.x = High"

This page is based on Micromint inc's AN101 Dated: 7/28/99

Introduction: 

Although the Port 1 bits can be controlled directly through BASIC using the PORT1 command, sometimes its easier to use assembly language calls. This method allows the individual bits to be changed instead of the whole port.

Background: 

The following table indicates the addresses for the Port 1 bits:

• P1.0 = 90h P1.4 = 94h P1.1 = 91h P1.5 = 95h 
• P1.2 = 92h P1.6 = 96h P1.3 = 93h P1.7 = 97h

If only a few of the bits are being controlled then the easiest way to implement this is by storing the machine code using data statements. The code to set, clear, or toggle a bit takes three bytes of memory (command, address, return).

The machine code commands are used as follows: 

NOTE: Assignments must begin with an integer, otherwise the processor will interpret them as a variable.

0D2h = set bit 0C2h = clear bit 0B2h = toggle bit (if set, clear it or if cleared, set it)

Program Listing: The sample program below shows how the commands are stored and then called:

10 DATA 0D2h, 94h, 22h : REM code to set bit 4 of port 1 
20 DATA 0C2h, 94h, 22h : REM code to clear bit 4 of port 1  
30 DATA 0B2h, 90h, 22h : REM code to toggle bit 0 of port 1 
40 FOR ADR = 4000h to 4008h : REM store the codes -this must be a free area of RAM!
50 READ DT 
60 XBY(ADR) = DT 
70 NEXT ADR 
80 REM all commands are now stored in RAM 
200 CALL 4000h : REM set bit 3 of port 1 
210 CALL 4003h : REM clear bit 3 of port 1 
220 CALL 4006h : REM toggle bit 0 of port 1 
230 GOTO 200 : REM continuous loop through the three commands

 This page is based on Micromint inc's application note AN103 Dated: 5/26/98

What is PS/2?

The PS/2 (Personal System/2) port, also referred to as the mouse port or keyboard port, was developed by IBM. It is used to connect a computer mouse or keyboard to an IBM compatible computer. The PS/2 port is a mini DIN plug containing six pins and is still sometimes found on all IBM compatible computers. 

Came across a PS/2 mouse.  

The mouse controller is PIC16C58!

Touch or pressure sensor covered by US5431064A patent 

A pressure sensitive transducer array in which a plurality of transducers are connected in series and in parallel with one another. In one embodiment, a resistive layer is formed from carbon or silver ink on a polyester film. A plurality of conductive shunt elements having greater conductivity than the resistive layer is formed on a second polyester film. The films are placed adjacent to one another with the shunt elements contacting the resistive layer. Voltage is applied across the resistive layer and pressure is applied thereto. As the pressure increases, the number of current paths set up through contact points on the shunt elements increase thereby decreasing the resistance across the resistive layer and increasing current flow. In another embodiment a plurality of plate elements are contained in a plane on one side of a dielectric layer. A plurality of plate elements are contained in a plane on the other side of the dielectric layer. As the layer is pushed together responsive to force applied, total capacitance as measured across the planes of plate elements varies.

Sensor bottom view 

https://patents.google.com/patent/US5431064

000 REM UPC/EAN CODE GENERATOR 
010 DIM p$(29), c%(12), q$(9), m%(100)
020 INPUT " Enter the Number : "; u$
030 FOR i% = 0 TO 9
040 READ n$, s$
050 n% = ASC(n$)
060 s% = ASC(s$) XOR &H3F
070 WHILE n% <> 0
080 p$(i%) = RIGHT$(STR$(n% MOD 2), 1) + p$(i%)
090 p$(i% + 10) = RIGHT$(STR$(n% MOD 2 XOR 1), 1) + p$(i% + 10)
100 p$(i% + 20) = p$(i% + 20) + LEFT$(p$(i%), 1)
110 q$(i%) = RIGHT$(STR$(s% MOD 2 + 1), 1) + q$(i%)
120 n% = n% \ 2
130 s% = s% \ 2
140 WEND
150 NEXT i%
160 FOR i% = 0 TO 11
170 c%(i%) = VAL(MID$(u$, i% + 1, 1))
180 X% = X% + c%(i%) * (((i% + 1) MOD 2) + (3 * (i% MOD 2)))
190 NEXT i%
200 c%(i%) = (10 - X% MOD 10) MOD 10
210 FOR i% = 1 TO 6
220 l$ = l$ + p$(VAL(MID$(q$(c%(0)), i% + 1, 1)) * 10 + c%(i%))
230 r$ = r$ + p$(c%(i% + 6))
240 NEXT i%
250 f$ = "606" + l$ + "06060" + r$ + "606"
260 KEY OFF: SCREEN 2
270 PRINT LEFT$(u$, 12) + RIGHT$(STR$(c%(12)), 1)
280 GET (0, 0)-(13 * 8, 8), m%
290 SCREEN 11: CLS
300 REM PAINT (0, 0)
310 PUT (15, 35), m%
320 FOR i% = 1 TO 95
330 b% = VAL(MID$(f$, i%, 1))
340 LINE (20 + i%, 5)-(20 + i%, 25 + b%), SGN(b%) XOR 0
350 NEXT i%
360 WHILE INKEY$ = ""
370 WEND
380 KEY ON: SCREEN 0
390 END
400 DATA r,?,f,4,l,2,B,1,\,",",N,&,P,#,D,*,H,),t,%

Confirmed working under QB64 on Windows 11 Pro.