This is a development board for (LQFP-48) STM32 microcontrollers like the STM32F103C8T6 and STM32F072C8T6. It is effectively 1/2 of the infamous 'blue-pill'.
Hold down the BOOT0/PA15 button while powering on (or press RESET and BOOT0 together, then release RESET) to access the built-in USB DFU bootloader. The BOOT0/PA15 button can also be used for user input while not in the bootloader.