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• Minor differences between the DA and DB series recommended capacitors

  mcu_nerd • 10/24/2022 at 22:45 • 0 comments

  Looking at the datasheets for the AVR64DA28 and AVR64DB28 there are a few minorish differences for capacitors.

  For the AVR64DA28 for the main VCC pin decoupling:

  100 nF capacitor for the main decoupling

  a 1-10 nF capacitor for decoupling at HF frequencies

  a 1 uF capacitor listed as optional

  For the reset pin:

  100  nF capacitor
  

  For the AVCC pin decoupling:

  nothing listed

  For the AVR64DB28 for the main VCC pin decoupling:

  1 uf Capacitor for the main decoupling

  10-100 nf Capacitor  for decoupling at HF frequencies

  For the reset pin:

  1 uF capacitor

  For the AVCC pin decoupling:

  1 uf Capacitor for the main decoupling

  10-100 nf Capacitor  for decoupling at HF frequencies
  
  

  For the VDDIO2 pin decoupling:

  1 uf Capacitor for the main decoupling

  10-100 nf Capacitor  for decoupling at HF frequencies

  On my board pads labeled C1,C2 are connected to the main (digital)VCC pin.

  C3 is connected to the AVCC pin.

  C4 is connected to the reset pin.

  I should perhaps in the future at least add a capacitor pad for VDDIO2 pin if using a DB variant.
  

• Got some WS2812 LEDs working

  mcu_nerd • 06/25/2021 at 20:03 • 0 comments

  The nice thing about these chips is that the internal oscillator can run up to 24MHz. I decided to take a crack at making a function to control some WS2812 LEDs with just C code (the the exception of calling _delay_us().)  Most libraries for driving these LEDs with AVR chips make use of assembly because timing tends to be an issue with relatively slow clock speeds. Since there is no separate input clock pin, the pulse lengths determine if a bit is a one or zero. Below is some code I whipped up to just turn on the green LED at full brightness:

  #define F_CPU 24000000UL
  
  #include <avr/io.h>
  #include <util/delay.h>
  
  #define zero_high .338
  #define zero_low .912
  
  #define one_high .68
  #define one_low .57
  
  int main(void){
  
  _PROTECTED_WRITE(CLKCTRL.OSCHFCTRLA, CLKCTRL_FREQSEL_24M_gc);
  
  PORTC.DIR|=PIN3_bm;
  _delay_ms(2000);
  while(1){
  //for 1
  PORTC.OUT|=PIN3_bm;
  _delay_us(one_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(one_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=PIN3_bm;
  _delay_us(one_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(one_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=PIN3_bm;
  _delay_us(one_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(one_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=PIN3_bm;
  _delay_us(one_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(one_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=PIN3_bm;
  _delay_us(one_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(one_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=PIN3_bm;
  _delay_us(one_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(one_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=PIN3_bm;
  _delay_us(one_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(one_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=PIN3_bm;
  _delay_us(one_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(one_low);
  
  //for zero
  PORTC.OUT|=8;
  _delay_us(zero_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(zero_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=8;
  _delay_us(zero_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(zero_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=8;
  _delay_us(zero_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(zero_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=8;
  _delay_us(zero_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(zero_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=8;
  _delay_us(zero_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(zero_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=8;
  _delay_us(zero_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(zero_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=8;
  _delay_us(zero_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(zero_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=8;
  _delay_us(zero_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(zero_low);
  //last color
  PORTC.OUT|=8;
  _delay_us(zero_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(zero_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=8;
  _delay_us(zero_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(zero_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=8;
  _delay_us(zero_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(zero_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=8;
  _delay_us(zero_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(zero_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=8;
  _delay_us(zero_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(zero_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=8;
  _delay_us(zero_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(zero_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=8;
  _delay_us(zero_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(zero_low);
  PORTC.OUT|=8;
  _delay_us(zero_high);
  PORTC.OUT=0;
  _delay_us(zero_low);
  _delay_us(300);
  }
  
  
  return(0);
  }
  

  The code kinda worked. All three LEDs came on at full brightness.  The root problem was that the chip was interpreting every bit as a "1".  I was curious that if doing bit-wise operations (such as PORTC.OUT|=8;)   was taking up too many cycles so I removed the bit-wise operations and tried instead just setting the entire port register to a number (PORTC.OUT=8;). That worked!  I then decided to make the code a bit more usable by creating an actual function to set colors and once again all three LEDs came on at full brightness. 
  

  I figured I could compensate for the extra cycles used by reducing the delay values.  I stumbled on this article here and used the minimum values listed for the updated simplified timing constraints table and it worked.  I did try adding back in the bit-wise operations but had the same issue again. The solution is likely to reduce delays a bit more to compensate.  I got my function to work with two WS2812 chained together.  The code of this writing uses pin 16, but due to not using bit-wise operations, it interferes with pin 17.  I'll post the fairly rough code on the project page.  It would be nice if these chips had a separate clock pin, but since they're so cheap it makes sense to spend the effort in to putting up with the timing annoyances.
  

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