FulanoDetailA Closer Look: Main bearing Pt. 1
Mod-01 Lec-21 Centrifugal Compressor Part I
Compressors - Turbine Engines: A Closer Look
Introduction to Axial Compressor Design
Is it Possible to 3D Print WORKING AXIAL COMPRESSOR? - (Testing different blade designs)
Two POWERFUL 3D Printed Axial Compressors - feat. Uniformation GKTwo
It Took Me 3 Months To Get This Working - Two-Stage Centrifugal Compressor 100% 3D Printed
I 3D Printed a Compressor that ACTUALLY WORKS (but you've never heard of this design)
3D Printed Two-Stage Compound Turbo Compressor
The old GTM160 micro jet engine in service. Complete disassembly of the engine, repair and assembly.
Turbo Compressor designs - Discussed
DIY 3D Printed Vacuum Impellers
Final Report Thermodynamic Demonstration Unit
Original Article Design of a two spool contra-rotating turbine for a turbo-fan engine
Analysis of Flow through Vaneless Contra-Rotating Turbine of Jet Propulsion Engine
(PDF) Counter Rotating Turbine Engine Compressor Blade System | Alex Gardner - Academia.edu
I was wondering:
If I’m going through the trouble of doing all of this, then why not go back to that idea of making a turbine engine that works like a Firework Spinning Wheel.
Essentially, instead of compressing the air to go through a combustion chamber and the expanding gas going through a turbine, I would use the expanding gas from the combustion chamber to rotate the entire thing.
I mean, if the expanding gas can rotate a turbine, then why wouldn't it be able to rotate itself?
The problems would arise from injecting fuel and/or using the heat exchanger to increase efficiency.
In the case of the fuel, you could either use a rotary feeder or a vacuum ejector connected to the combustion chamber, sucking fuel and mixing it with both the incoming air and the compressed air.
The heat exchanger would require some tubing and clever engineering, maybe making the air channels to go around the rocket nozzles both for cooling and as a heat exchanger.
https://sci-hub.ru/https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1991-3124
According to the research it would be slightly less efficient than a conventional helicopter turboshaft, but I mean… The idea would be to run this thing with a compressor, heat exchanger and a temperature of 2000ºC.
Just now I remembered that this engine would be essentially a hero reaction turbine.
Igniting Our Own Rocket Engines - DIY
I built the BEST COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE (New Rotary Design)
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780123838421000081
Maybe I could feed both air and fuel through a hollow shaft.
Now that I think about it…
I think it would be a wise decision to add a shaft seal to the fuel feel, just for precaution.
Also, the incoming air will first go through the heat exchanger surrounding the exhaust of the reaction turbine, and the same heat will be used to reform the charcoal/wood fuel into syngas to avoid clogging.
Wouldn’t spinning the entire fuel chamber with the damned engine be more practical and safer?
Besides, the fuel would be reformed and naturally maintain the solid parts at the tips and the lighter gas at the center.
You could make the fuel tank limited and only after it depletes sufficiently enough, you stop it and re-inject the fuel while the battery keeps things running.
Isn’t this just a rotary ramjet system?
Also, for some reason a lot of designs for turbineless jet engines use screw compressors without a shell. Most of them rely solely on the mechanical sealing of the screw to the static walls.
Helical Blade Turbineless Gas Jet Engine
I mean, bruh, just add a rotating shell to the screw itself so it doesn’t have any blades and walls to turn into powder.
One interesting thing about this type of engine:
Since they don’t rely on turbines, but rocket propulsion to rotate and/or generate thrust, they are not limited by the efficiency of turbines, nor the speed limit of blades, which is the speed of sound.
Blades must always avoid reaching the speed of sound due to drag, mechanical limitations, efficiency etc. But what happens when you don’t have to worry about these factors?
While looking at these I found a few interesting things:
US20060230746A1 - Turbineless jet engine - Google Patents
Gas turbine operating parameters? - Thunder Said Energy
You could also make it double intake and double exhaust, kinda like a steam turbine.
I was wondering if it would be better to add the fuel through the exhaust (since the exhaust is doubled in the middle), so the fuel gets hot enough to be reformed.
In either way, I do think I should increase the pressure instead of working with a helium turbine engine at 1000ºC, this way you could also reduce the temperature and make nitrogen viable again.
Source: GAS-TURBINE COMPRESSORS: Understanding stall, surge – Combined Cycle Journal.
Source: Influence of Operation Conditions and Ambient Temperature on Performance of Gas Turbine Power Plant Advanced Nuclear OpenAir-Brayton Cycles for Highly Efficient Power Conversion
There is also the possibility of maintaining high temperature (1000ºC) and high pressure (200 bar/20 Mpa), increasing the power density of the system.
How to light an IR plate burner and Why ? (I was wondering about the possibility of using a similar burner for the heat-exchange system)
One weird thing, graphite’s resistivity is the lowest at 1000 kelvin (726 ºC):
Source: (PDF) Numerical Analysis of a Radiant Heat Flux Calibration System
My Wind Generator Was Useless....Until NOW! (MPPT)
Two plane dynamic balancing machine for model jet engine
- 3D model bypass valves and intercoolers.
- 3D model syngas converter/reformer with electrical heater for starting the power plant.
- 3D model oscillating swirl combustion chambers.
- The diaphragm piston models.
- The check valves.
- The electromagnetic bearings.
- Camshaft system (if required).
Any machine works best at its rated power input/output, but I don’t know if it would be practical to make an “efficiency-regulator” that purposefully cuts off the output during low output operations. Like I did with the electric motors, which can close off some of its wires to “virtually” reduce its output.
- 3D modeling:
On an unrelated note, what should I name it?
I guess that “Guaraci engine” would be a good name, since it is supposedly meant to work so unbearably hot you could even use molten steel as a coolant…
Now that I stop to think about it…
Wouldn’t the best solution be to use both of the power source options (molten carbonate fuel cell and helium turbine) in a Combined cycle power plant?
It is said that the molten carbonate fuel cell can only reach efficiencies up to 80% by recycling its heat source such as in the case of a steam turbine engine. The helium turbine is used just like a steam turbine engine in order to convert heat into work…
The only problem is weight and bulk.
🔶🔶🔶🔶
(I will write these orange squares to keep track of parts where I’m procrastinating, so I finish them already)
NOW I need to make the Heat-exchanger/Radiator/Cooler:
I need to make the model of all the heat exchangers into spiral heat exchangers (because these are the most efficient ones), these heat exchangers will also function as the fuel reformers.
The heat exchanger will serve both for the helium “turbine” engine generator and for the cryocooler (in case people actually use it for something).
Spiral Heat Exchangers Explained
3D Printed Heat Exchangers For High Temperature And Pressure | The Cool Parts Show Bonus
Plate heat exchanger - Wikipedia
Which Heat Exchanger Is Best? The Three Main Types Explained...
Heat Pipes and Other Heat Transfer Techniques
Powder and other chemicals can be trapped inside of a heat exchanger. So it could be interesting to make it in a conical way so it works like a cyclone filter.
Dust Collection: Small Changes, Massive Effect!
By the way, sheet lamination 3D printing can allow for very interesting heat exchanger designs:
Source: 3D Printed Heat Exchangers For High Temperature And Pressure | The Cool Parts Show Bonus
Sheet Lamination 3D Printing: An Additive Manufacturing Process Explained #3dprinting #engineering
It is also possible to use Plasmatron fuel reformers. You can also use cold-plasma/non-thermal plasma/non-equilibrium plasma to reform the fuel. A Developed Plasmatron Design to Enhance Production of Hydrogen in Synthesis Gas Produced by a Fuel Reformer System
Low Current Non-Thermal Plasma Assisted Hydrocarbon Reforming Hydrogen Rich Gas
Non-thermal plasma-assisted steam methane reforming for electrically-driven hydrogen production (although this one talks about steam reforming, since you will take wood to turn into fuel for the carbon fuel cell, it will also contain some amount of water, which in turn, will turn into steam) As far as I could see, most of the articles focus on producing hydrogen or syngas in more processes both for hydrogen fuel cells and synthesis of other fuels and materials
I don’t know if this will be relevant, but every now and then I check out radiators for spacecraft.
They are a fascinating subject, although I don’t know if they would be that useful in an atmosphere.
Ribbon radiators seem to be the most practical ones, since they expand with the conversion of liquid coolant into vapor and contract once it releases heat.
Source: https://www.projectrho.com/public_html/rocket/heatrad.php
- Make the model of all the heat exchangers into spiral heat exchangers
- Make these heat-exchangers also capable of being used for fuel reforming.
- The same heating chamber can be used to dry up silica gel beads that absorb humidity. Regenerate, Dry and Reuse Silica Beads Gel/Desiccant SUPER FAST With an Air Fryer!
- I also need to add/3D model the Oil separator just as a precaution.
- Remember to add the thermostat and temperature control systems.
- I was thinking of 3D modeling the radiator, but since I already have a heat exchanger (which is the same thing), I would need to make a self-cleaning air-filter for the ambient air radiator/heat exchanger. So, I need to 3D model the self-cleaning dust filter
🔶🔶🔶🔶
(I will write these orange squares to keep track of parts where I’m procrastinating, so I finish them already)
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell 3D model:
Since I want to actually finish the mech project, I will abandon this idea and focus on the helium engine.
BEFORE HANDLING LITHIUM CARBONATE (and other chemicals), PLEASE REMEMBER THAT I AM NOT AN ENGINEER AND YOU DO ANYTHING AT YOUR OWN RISK.
PLEASE READ:
Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet: Lithium Carbonate https://www.nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1124.pdf
Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet: Sodium Carbonate https://www.borderjanitorial.co.uk/files/COSHH/SodiumCarbonate.pdf
Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet: Potassium Carbonate https://www.chemos.de/import/data/msds/GB_en/584-08-7-A0216451-GB-en.pdf
Observation:
I was revisiting metal hydrides and I found out that aluminum hydride, lithium hydride and lithium aluminum hydride can hold hydrogen with 10% of its weight and releases hydrogen passively even at ambient temperature. You would need to cool it down to around -70ºC to -100ºC in order to avoid that.
Well, you would still need 100 kilograms of aluminum for every 10 kilograms of hydrogen, but in this state, it is 2 times denser than liquid hydrogen, which already has 142 megajoules of energy per kilogram.
But if you use an alkaline fuel cell and if you expel the resulting water, you could maintain 100 horsepower for around 10 hours with 100 kilograms of aluminum and 10 kilograms of hydrogen.
Even if you had an efficiency of 50% instead of 70% to 80%, you would still “just” need around 200 kilograms of aluminum.
However, as you can imagine, it is extremely dangerous and difficult to synthesize aluminum hydride and lithium hydride.
ChatGPT keeps saying that you need to convert lithium hydride into lithium aluminum hydride in order to get aluminum hydride. And in order to get lithium hydride:
“Reduction of Lithium Hydroxide:
Another method involves the reduction of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) using a reducing metal. In this process, anhydrous lithium hydroxide is mixed with a reducing agent (such as aluminum or magnesium) and heated in the absence of air. The reaction occurs at temperatures between 300 °C and 550 °C, producing lithium hydride and the corresponding metal oxide “
In the end you would need a smaller molten carbonate fuel cell to slowly recharge the hydrogen fuel cell. But if you want to save weight as much as possible, then it could be a good compromise.
Observation 2:
Cold plasma, or non-thermal plasma, or non-equilibrium plasma is a type of plasma that can be made without melting everything that it touches.
However, since it is full of free electrons and free ions, it can be used as a catalyst for chemical reactions.
Cold Fire You Can Touch - DIY Cold Plasma Torch
The Cold Plasma Wand That Heals (Microjet)⚡
You could (or should) add this to the fuel cell.
Well, I’m writing this now because I missed a really important issue: Vegetable coal has sulfur on it.
Sulfur can “poison” the Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Electrolyte, degrading the fuel cell performance/efficiency.
Something as low as 0.1 grams can affect the cells.
Vegetable coal can have around 100-200 grams of sulfur in 200kg. And since the idea was to use vegetable coal as fuel…
And there is no simple method to remove it in biomatter, you need acid baths using sulfuric acid, water bath etc.
There are sulfur and chloride scrubbers, but they are applied when the biochar/biofuel is converted into Syngas.
But I can’t find a compact and easy solution for it, they mostly use giant chemical filters that need to be constantly re-treated using a myriad of different methods to avoid saturation.
I need to check if all of this is true, but essentially, ChatGPT said the following:
- zinc oxide absorbs sulfur and turns into zinc sulfide, it returns to zinc oxide when heated to 500-900ºC in the presence of oxygen. I searched and it actually works. ✅ Source: Method for oxidative roasting of sulfide zinc concentrates in an air oxygen stream in fluidized bed furnaces.
- Ammonia reacts with sulfur and turns into ammonium sulfide, it goes back to ammonia by heating it to 100-150ºC. But it also turns into gas. I searched and it only works in the presence of a catalyst (molybdenum or tungsten). ☑️ Source: A facile and reliable route to prepare highly dispersive ammonium dimolybdate uniform crystals from commercial molybdenum oxide - ScienceDirect
- Calcium oxide reacts with sulfur to make calcium sulfide/sulfate (gypsum), it reverts when heated to 1000ºC in the presence of oxygen. I searched and it only works in the presence of carbon. ☑️ Source: https://academic.oup.com/bcsj/article-abstract/51/1/121/7356614?redirectedFrom=fulltext https://trea.com/information/calcium-sulfide-decomposition-process/patentapplication/da923b8e-1567-4215-ba30-cc5cbf5302c3
All of these methods release sulfur in a gas form.
Now for chloride:
- Sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate absorbs chloride, turning into sodium chloride (NaCl, table salt), dissolves in water then applies electrolysis to produce sodium hydroxide, chlorine gas and hydrogen gas. I searched and it actually works. ✅ Source: Making Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic soda) From Salt
- Calcium oxide absorbs Chloride and turns into calcium oxide, to revert it you need to react with water vapor at 700-900ºC or use the electrolysis process used in sodium chloride. I searched and it actually works. ✅ Source: US6994836B2 - Method of recovering chlorine gas from calcium chloride - Google Patents Calcium chloride - Wikipedia
- Ammonia reacts with chloride and turns into ammonium chloride, it decomposes back into ammonia by heating it, but it turns into gas. I searched and it actually works. ✅ Source: Ammonium chloride - Wikipedia
So the idea is to:
- Pass the charcoal through the hot chamber of the fuel cell with pipes, convert it into syngas.
- Then it goes through a physical filter/tornado filter to remove metals and other impurities
- Then pass it through a filter with a sodium carbonate chloride scrubber.
- It is necessary to cool down the syngas or else the zinc scrubbers will end up absorbing the CO2 and/or hydrogen. So it must go through a cooler/Heat Exchanger which will be placed at the intake of the air so the heat isn’t lost.
- Then pass it through a zinc oxide sulfur scrubber.
- Then it goes into a heat exchanger at the exhaust of the fuel cell to absorb the heat.
- Then it finally goes into the fuel cell.
Also, Pyrolysis (the process of heating charcoal/biomatter in a low oxygen environment) only works at around 800ºC to 1000ºC with 90% efficiency in conversion of matter into syngas.
Some papers describe how they only use sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, not even worrying about lithium carbonate.
They also describe how the cells work at 800ºC because all of the carbonates are in liquid form at such temperature.
So…
There will be multiple zinc scrubbers and sodium carbonate scrubbers that will be selectively closed to go through the reversing process.
- I don’t need to 3D model the molten carbonate fuel cell because it is pretty similar to normal cells and it only needs different materials.
- Example of open source fuel cell model: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell | 3D CAD Model Library | GrabCAD PEM Fuel Cell | 3D CAD Model Library | GrabCAD
You can “just” copy the parts and replace them with the proper materials, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, lithium silicate and calcium silicate (not obligatory) mixed with sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and lithium carbonate.
I also talked about how these fuel cells output is based on the surface area contact of the electrodes with the electrolyte, so in order to keep it with the biggest surface area as possible, you would need to use super thin stainless steel wires stacked parallelly for that.
More specifically, 120 milliwatts per square centimeter, divided by 300,000 watts, the area in square meters would be around 4774m² assuming 120 miliwatts per square centimeter.
But assuming around 96 mW/cm² I would need 1,041,666 cm² for 100,000 watts.
This would be the surface area of a stainless steel 0.8mm thick wire with 45 meters of length weighing around 0.2 kilograms. For 1mm of thickness it would be around 450 meter long stainless steel wire weighing around 3 kilograms.
Observation:
I always assumed that the energy generated each hour by the Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell powered by wood would be 30 megajoules per kilogram of wood (either because I’m insane or because I didn’t question ChatGPT), but that is incorrect.
The energy density of wood is 16 megajoules per kilogram, and assuming the whole process has a 50% efficiency, then you would have a total of 8 megajoules per kilogram.
Since using 100 horsepower per hour would require 264 megajoules, then it would require 2647 megajoules in 10 hours.
2647 Mj / 8 Mj per kilogram = 330 kilograms of wood in total for 10 hours at 100 horsepower. 33 kg of wood per hour, 5.5kg of wood per minute and 0.1 kg of wood per second.
But since circles/cylinders does not have the best surface area contact, I will have to make some considerations:
As you can see in these wires, only a small part of it is in contact.
On the right, the cylinders have 18.8mm² of area, on the left, they have 5.8mm² of area. So you would need to increase the number of wires in contact by 3.2x times (a little more, 3.3 or 3.4). That is true for any thickness of wire (I tested it).
So, you would need 0.66 kilograms for every 100 kilowatts for the 0.8mm wires and 10 kilograms for every 100 kilowatt for the 1 mm wires.
In order to enhance the performance of the molten carbonate fuel cell you can add a few additives.
I will make a list, but remember: I’m talking about adding around 1% of these additives per weight of electrolyte (not the total weight of the cell), all of them or each one of them and even then, they can cause unexpected issues in either quantity (or simply not affect the cell significantly, for better or for worse).
They can also be dangerous in their own right.
The list:
Magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate (this one is said to “clog” the electrolyte in some case), barium carbonate, inconel, lithium oxide, samarium oxide, magnesium oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, titanium dioxide, cobalt oxide, lanthanum oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, aluminum oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum disulfide, platinum, ruthenium, tungsten oxide, silicon carbide, yttria-stabilized zirconia and rhenium.
Observation:
When I try to buy zirconia powder by itself it is insanely expensive, but ceramic knives are made out of it and they are super cheap, even in packs.
The weight of the electrolyte may heavily depend on its thickness.
If you assume the electrolyte has a density around 2.3 g/cm³, 1mm of thickness and the area I calculated before for the wires (3,437,497cm² per 100,000 watts), you would need around 790 kilograms.
To keep it around 1 kilogram, you would need to make its thickness around 0.001 mm, which is 1 micrometer.
Which is not very realistic.
You would need to increase its weight by 10 to 100 times (10kg to 100kg) in order to keep the thickness around 0.01mm to 0.1mm.
That is the weight before mixing it with the silicates (sodium, potassium etc), by the way.
- The initial idea was to make 3 cells of 100 kilowatt output, but just for redundancy, I will make 5 to 6 (depending on the size). Four/five 100 kilowatt fuel cells and one 50 kilowatt for low power loads.
What should I call this fuel cell?
Tupã-5?
Meaning from Wikipedia:
“Tupã or Tupan (also Tupave or Tenondete) is the word for God in the Tupi and Guarani languages, including the Guarani creation myth.
Tupã is considered to be the creator of the universe, of humanity and of the spirits of good and evil in Guarani mythology referred to as Angatupyry and Tau respectively. Tupã is more specifically considered the creator of light and his residence is the Sun.
A contest was run by the Centro Paraguayo de Informaciones Astronómicas in Paraguay in 2019. This bestowed the star HD 108147 with the name Tupã in December 2019.”
By the way, I will increase the total output to 750 volts and 500 amps, 375,000 watts in total (500 horsepower), because of the possible inefficiencies in the system and in the actuators.
Also, I’m wondering what kind of material I should use for the electrodes.
Yes, normally nickel, inconel and stainless steel are used as electrodes, but they almost never use these in the micrometer thickness. Even less in the powder form as I’m intending on doing.
A few electrically conductive ceramics I found:
Silicon carbide, tin oxide, lead oxide, bismuth ruthenate, bismuth iridate, iridium oxide, ferrite/iron oxide, Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), Lanthanum-Doped Strontium Titanate (SLT), Yttrium-Doped Strontium Titanate (SYT), Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ), Gadolinium-Doped Ceria (GDC), Lanthanum Strontium Gallate Magnesite (LSGM), Beta Alumina, Silicon Nitride (Si₃N₄), Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Barium Titanate (BT), Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT), Molybdenum Disilicide (MoSi₂), Lanthanum Trifluoride (LaF₃), Lead(II) Chloride (PbCl₂), NASICON (Na₃Zr₂Si₂PO₁₂), Silver Iodide (AgI), Rubidium Silver Iodide (RbAg₄I₅), Barium Titanate (BaTiO₃).
Well, I think the most practical alternative for electrode material would be using silicon carbide and/or tin oxide.
Well, I slowly asked ChatGPT to check one by one just to be sure, because it doesn’t delves into details when talking about a lot of subjects at once:
- “Silicon carbide (SiC) is a semiconductor material that can exhibit electrical conductivity under certain conditions. Its intrinsic electrical conductivity varies depending on factors such as temperature and doping levels. For instance, C-added SiC has an electrical conductivity ranging from 0.7 to 1.4 × 10² S/m at temperatures between 298 K and 1150 K. Full article: Electrical and thermal properties of off-stoichiometric SiC prepared by spark plasma sintering”
- “Tin Oxide (SnO₂) electrical conductivity can vary depending on factors such as doping, temperature, and the presence of reducing or oxidizing agents. In the presence of carbonates at elevated temperatures (800°C to 900°C), SnO₂ can undergo chemical reactions. For instance, during the carbothermic reduction of tin-bearing ores, SnO₂ can be reduced to SnO and subsequently volatilize as Sn at temperatures around 900°C. Volatilization behavior of tin during carbothermic reduction of tin-bearing middling to recover tin Additionally, SnO₂ is known to be chemically stable in many environments, but at high temperatures, exposure to carbonates may lead to reactions such as the formation of tin carbonate, which can decompose at elevated temperatures, potentially affecting the stability of SnO₂.”
- “Lead oxide (PbO) is an amphoteric compound with prevalent acidic properties. It dissolves in strong bases to form the hydroxyplumbate ion, Pb(OH)₄²⁻, and reacts with basic oxides in the melt, yielding orthoplumbates. Additionally, lead dioxide (PbO₂) decomposes upon heating in air, with the stoichiometry of the end product controlled by changing the temperature. Lead dioxide - Wikipedia Regarding its electrical conductivity, lead dioxide has a characteristic electrode potential and can be polarized both anodically and cathodically in electrolytes. Lead dioxide electrodes have a dual action, with both the lead and oxygen ions taking part in the electrochemical reactions.”
- “Bismuth ruthenate (Bi₃Ru₃O₁₁) is known for its high electrical conductivity and exhibits a slight thermal activation in its conductivity, with an activation energy of approximately 4.1 × 10⁻³ eV. Regarding its chemical stability in the presence of carbonates at elevated temperatures (800°C to 900°C), specific data is limited. However, at temperatures around 900°C, bismuth ruthenate undergoes a phase transformation from Bi₃Ru₃O₁₁ to Bi₂Ru₂O₇, which may influence its interaction with carbonates. Electrical conductivity and crystallization of amorphous bismuth ruthenate thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis”
- “Bismuth iridate (Bi₂Ir₂O₇) is a pyrochlore oxide known for its metallic conductivity and stability in acidic environments. It has been studied for applications such as oxygen evolution reactions due to its robust electrochemical properties. Bismuth Iridium Oxide Oxygen Evolution Catalyst from Hydrothermal Synthesis | Chemistry of Materials Regarding its chemical stability in the presence of carbonates at temperatures between 800°C and 900°C, specific data is limited. However, bismuth compounds, including Bi₂O₃, have been observed to undergo chemical reconstruction when exposed to carbonates, forming heterostructures like Bi₂O₂CO₃/Bi₂O₃. This suggests that bismuth-containing materials can interact with carbonates under certain conditions. Reconstructed Bismuth Oxide through in situ Carbonation by Carbonate-containing Electrolyte for Highly Active Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Formate - PubMed”
- “Iridium oxide (IrO₂) is known for its high electrical conductivity and chemical stability, making it a valuable material in various high-temperature applications. Its conductivity is enhanced when structured as a nanoporous core-shell architecture, where an iridium oxide shell is formed on a metallic iridium core. This design not only improves conductivity but also balances activity and stability, particularly in catalytic processes like the oxygen evolution reaction. Balancing activity, stability and conductivity of nanoporous core-shell iridium/iridium oxide oxygen evolution catalysts - PMC Regarding its stability in the presence of carbonates at temperatures between 800ºC and 900ºC, specific data is limited. However, iridium oxide is generally recognized for its robustness in various chemical environments. For instance, in electrochemical applications, iridium oxide demonstrates high chemical stability in acidic media, which suggests a degree of resilience to reactive species. Nanostructured Iridium Oxide: State of the Art “
- “Ferrites, which are iron oxide-based compounds, are generally characterized by low electrical conductivity. This property makes them suitable for applications like magnetic cores in transformers, where low conductivity helps suppress eddy currents. Ferrite (magnet) - Wikipedia Regarding chemical stability, ferrites are typically stable in various environments. However, their stability in the presence of carbonates at temperatures between 800°C and 900°C can vary depending on the specific composition of the ferrite and the nature of the carbonates involved. For instance, barium ferrate, a specific type of ferrite, decomposes when exposed to carbonates, forming barium carbonate, ferric hydroxide, and releasing oxygen gas. Barium ferrate - Wikipedia ”
- “Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) is a widely used transparent conducting oxide known for its electrical conductivity and optical transparency. It is typically stable up to temperatures around 1,000°C. Studies have shown that ITO films maintain stable electrical properties when heated to 1,000°C for at least 2.5 hours. High Temperature Conductive Stability of Indium Tin Oxide Films However, the chemical stability of ITO in the presence of carbonates at temperatures between 800°C and 900°C is not well-documented in the available literature. While ITO is known to decompose at temperatures above 1,100°C in nitrogen environments, Evaluation of Indium Tin Oxide for Gas Sensing Applications: Adsorption/Desorption and Electrical Conductivity Studies on Powders and Thick Films - PMC”
- “Lanthanum-doped strontium titanate (LST) is known for its high electrical conductivity and chemical stability, making it a promising material for applications such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Studies have demonstrated that LST exhibits excellent electrical conductivity, with values reaching up to 82 S/cm at 800°C under specific conditions. Thermal, Electrical, and Electrocatalytical Properties of Lanthanum-Doped Strontium Titanate Regarding chemical stability, LST has shown resilience under various conditions. For instance, it maintains dimensional and chemical stability during oxidation–reduction cycling, which is crucial for its performance in electrochemical applications. However, specific data on the chemical stability of LST in the presence of carbonates at temperatures between 800°C and 900°C is limited.”
- “Yttrium-doped strontium titanate (SYT) exhibits notable electrical conductivity and chemical stability under specific conditions. Studies have demonstrated that SYT maintains high electrical conductivity, particularly at compositions near the solubility limit, such as Sr₀.88Y₀.08TiO₃−δ, where conductivity reaches approximately 64 S/cm at 800°C. Electrical Properties of Yttrium-Doped Strontium Titanate under Reducing Conditions Regarding chemical stability, SYT has shown resilience under reducing conditions, which is advantageous for applications like solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). However, specific data on its stability in the presence of carbonates at temperatures between 800°C and 900°C is limited. While SYT's inherent resistance to oxidation and hydroxylation suggests potential stability in various environments, including those with high steam concentrations, its behavior in carbonate-rich atmospheres at elevated temperatures requires further investigation.Modified Pechini synthesis and characterization of Y-doped strontium titanate perovskite ”
- “Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) is primarily an ionic conductor, facilitating the movement of oxygen ions (O²⁻) rather than electrons. This property makes it suitable for applications like solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), where oxygen ion conduction is essential. Yttria-stabilized zirconia - Wikipedia The interaction between YSZ and carbonates can result in the formation of zirconium carbonates or other unstable phases, potentially leading to material degradation.”
- “Gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) is known for its high ionic conductivity, particularly at elevated temperatures. Its electrical conductivity increases with temperature, making it suitable for applications in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and other high-temperature electrochemical devices. Electrical and Ionic Conductivity of Gd‐Doped Ceria | Request PDF Regarding chemical stability, GDC exhibits good compatibility with various cathode materials and operates effectively in reducing environments. However, its stability in the presence of carbonates at temperatures between 800°C and 900°C is less well-documented.”
- “Lanthanum Strontium Gallate Magnesite (LSGM) is a highly electronically conductive material with proven long-term stability, making it suitable for applications such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Lanthanum Gallate, Strontium and Magnesium Doped (LSGM) | AMERICAN ELEMENTS ® | CAS 165900-07-2 Regarding its chemical stability in the presence of carbonates at temperatures between 800°C and 900°C, specific information is limited. While LSGM exhibits high ionic conductivity and chemical stability over a wide range of conditions, the interaction between LSGM and carbonates at elevated temperatures has not been extensively studied. Microstructure and mechanical properties of doped-lanthanum gallate with addition of yttria-stabilized zirconia “
- “Beta-alumina is a solid electrolyte known for its high ionic conductivity, particularly for sodium ions, and its low electronic conductivity. This makes it suitable for applications like sodium-sulfur batteries. Its crystal structure features channels that facilitate ion movement, while its electronic bandgap of approximately 9 eV prevents electronic conductivity. Beta-alumina solid electrolyte - Wikipedia Regarding chemical stability in the presence of carbonates at temperatures between 800°C and 900°C, specific data is limited. Beta-alumina is generally stable in various environments, but its interaction with carbonates at these high temperatures hasn't been extensively studied. For instance, a study on lithium beta-alumina noted its wide stability window, but it didn't specifically address interactions with carbonates. Interface Stability in Solid-State Batteries | Chemistry of Materials”
- “Silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) is generally an excellent electrical insulator, with resistivity values around 10¹² Ω·cm. The Electrical Properties of Si3N4 However, certain formulations, such as Syalon 501, are engineered to be electrically conductive, with resistivity as low as 7.2 × 10⁻⁴ Ω·cm. Regarding chemical stability, silicon nitride exhibits high resistance to chemical attack, including from carbonates, due to its strong covalent bonding and inert nature. This stability is maintained at elevated temperatures, such as 800°C to 900°C. Silicon nitride - Wikipedia
- “Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a semiconductor material with electrical conductivity that varies with temperature and doping levels. At 800°C, its conductivity begins to reach saturation, with Hall effect measurements indicating a free electron density of approximately 10¹⁸ cm⁻³ at room temperature. The Electrical Conductivity of Zinc Oxide | Phys. Rev. Regarding chemical stability, ZnO is thermally stable up to its decomposition point of around 1975°C. However, at temperatures between 800°C and 900°C, ZnO can react with carbon to form zinc vapor and carbon monoxide: ZnO+C→Zn (vapor)+CO This reaction suggests that ZnO may not be chemically stable in the presence of carbonates at these temperatures. Zinc oxide - Wikipedia”
- “Barium Titanate (BaTiO₃) is generally considered an electrical insulator at room temperature, exhibiting high resistivity. However, its electrical conductivity can increase under certain conditions, such as doping with specific elements or exposure to elevated temperatures. For instance, doping BaTiO₃ with lanthanum (La³⁺) ions has been shown to enhance its conductivity up to a certain concentration, beyond which the conductivity decreases due to cation vacancy compensation. https://www.ajer.org/papers/v2%288%29/A0280107.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com Regarding chemical stability, BaTiO₃ has been studied for its interactions with carbon dioxide (CO₂) at temperatures around 700 K (approximately 427°C). Research indicates that while BaTiO₃ nanocatalysts can facilitate CO₂ conversion, carbon deposition occurs on the nanocatalysts above certain pressures, leading to the formation of graphitic carbon. Pressure-dependent CO 2 thermolysis on barium titanate nanocatalysts”
- “Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) is generally considered an insulator. However, its electrical conductivity can vary based on factors such as composition, doping, and processing conditions. Some studies have observed p-type conductivity in PZT ceramics, attributed to lead vacancies. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IN LEAD TITANATE ZIRCONATE CERAMICS (Journal Article) | OSTI.GOV Additionally, the temperature dependence of its ac conductivity indicates that conduction processes are due to singly ionized (in the ferroelectric region) and doubly ionized (in the paraelectric region) states. Dielectric and electrical properties of lead zirconate titanate Chemical Stability in the Presence of Carbonates at 800ºC to 900ºC: PZT is typically stable at high temperatures. For instance, PZT particles have been synthesized at temperatures up to 1000°C using a solid-state reaction method. One-step synthesis of lead zirconate titanate particles using a solid-state reaction method However, the chemical stability of PZT in the presence of carbonates at temperatures between 800ºC and 900ºC has not been extensively studied. While PZT is generally stable under recommended conditions, the specific interaction between PZT and carbonates at these elevated temperatures requires further investigation to determine its stability. PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) | Safety Data Sheet (SDS)”
- “Molybdenum disilicide (MoSi₂) is an electrically conductive refractory ceramic with a melting point of 2030°C. It is commonly used in heating elements due to its high-temperature stability and electrical conductivity. Molybdenum disilicide - Wikipedia Regarding its chemical stability in the presence of carbonates at temperatures between 800°C and 900°C, specific data is limited. MoSi₂ is known to form a protective silicon dioxide (SiO₂) layer at high temperatures, which enhances its oxidation resistance. However, the interaction between MoSi₂ and carbonates at these temperatures has not been extensively studied. In general, molybdenum disilicide is stable under recommended storage conditions and is not reactive with most substances. Molybdenum Silicide (MoSi2) | AMERICAN ELEMENTS ® Nonetheless, the specific effects of carbonates on MoSi₂ at elevated temperatures remain unclear.”
- “Lanthanum trifluoride (LaF₃) is an ionic compound known for its high melting point and chemical stability. It exhibits low electrical conductivity at room temperature, with specific conductivities on the order of 10⁻⁸ Ω·cm. However, its ionic conductivity increases significantly at elevated temperatures. A study reported that LaF₃ single crystals containing 0.15 mole percent calcium ion impurities exhibited specific conductivities of approximately 10⁻⁴ Ω·cm at 740°C, indicating enhanced ionic conductivity at higher temperatures. ionic conductivity of lanthanum fluoride Regarding chemical stability, LaF₃ is generally resistant to chemical reactions due to its strong ionic bonds and high melting point. However, specific interactions with carbonates at temperatures between 800°C and 900°C are not well-documented in the available literature. Given the high temperatures and the potential for chemical reactions at these conditions, it is advisable to conduct empirical tests to assess the stability of LaF₃ in the presence of carbonates under these specific conditions.”
- “At ambient temperatures, Lead(II) Chloride (PbCl₂) is an insulator. However, at elevated temperatures, it exhibits ionic conductivity. Specifically, at temperatures above 500°C, PbCl₂ becomes a conductor due to the increased mobility of lead and chloride ions within its crystal lattice. This property is characteristic of certain ionic compounds, which become conductive at high temperatures. Lead(II) chloride - Wikipedia At temperatures between 800°C and 900°C, PbCl₂ is thermally stable and does not decompose. The specific effects of carbonates at these elevated temperatures are not well-documented in the available literature.
- “NASICON (Na₃Zr₂Si₂PO₁₂) is a sodium-conducting solid electrolyte known for its high ionic conductivity and chemical stability. Its electrical conductivity is typically in the range of 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁴ S/cm at room temperature, which increases with temperature. At elevated temperatures, such as 800°C to 900°C, NASICON maintains its high ionic conductivity, making it suitable for high-temperature applications. Activating reversible carbonate reactions in Nasicon solid electrolyte-based Na-air battery via in-situ formed catholyte - PMC Regarding chemical stability in the presence of carbonates at these temperatures, NASICON exhibits good stability. Studies have demonstrated that NASICON-based solid electrolytes can facilitate electrochemical reactions involving carbonates, such as in Na-air cells operating at ambient temperatures. These reactions involve the formation and decomposition of sodium carbonates (Na₂CO₃·xH₂O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), indicating that NASICON can interact with carbonates without significant degradation.
- “Silver iodide (AgI) is an ionic compound that exhibits low electrical conductivity under standard conditions. However, at elevated temperatures, particularly above 146°C, AgI undergoes a phase transition to a high-temperature form known as α-AgI, which exhibits significantly increased ionic conductivity. This high-temperature phase is characterized by a disordered body-centered cubic structure, allowing for enhanced ion mobility. Polymorphism Of Silver Iodide | American Mineralogist | GeoScienceWorld Regarding its chemical stability in the presence of carbonates at temperatures between 800°C and 900°C, specific studies on this interaction are limited. However, general information about the thermal properties of AgI indicates that it has a melting point of 558°C and a boiling point of 1506°C. This suggests that AgI remains solid at temperatures up to 900°C. Silver Iodide, AgI, (Miersite) In the presence of carbonates, AgI may undergo reactions leading to the formation of silver carbonate (Ag₂CO₃) or other compounds, especially under high-temperature conditions. For instance, silver carbonate decomposes at temperatures around 510 K (approximately 237°C) to form silver oxide and carbon dioxide. Decomposition of Silver Carbonate; the Crystal Structure of Two High-Temperature Modifications of Ag2CO3 | Inorganic Chemistry
- “Rubidium silver iodide (RbAg₄I₅) is a ternary inorganic compound known for its high ionic conductivity, attributed to the movement of silver ions within its crystal lattice. Rubidium silver iodide - Wikipedia While specific studies on the chemical stability of RbAg₄I₅ in the presence of carbonates at temperatures between 800ºC and 900ºC are limited, it is known that silver iodide (AgI), a component of RbAg₄I₅, can decompose under certain conditions, especially at high temperatures.”
- Barium Titanate (BaTiO₃) is a ceramic material known for its piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties. Its electrical conductivity is generally low, but it can be enhanced through doping with certain elements. For instance, doping BaTiO₃ with 0.15% of La³⁺ ions increases its conductivity, which then decreases with higher doping concentrations due to cation vacancy compensation. https://www.ajer.org/papers/v2%288%29/A0280107.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com Regarding chemical stability, BaTiO₃ is known to be attacked by sulfuric acid and is soluble in concentrated hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids. Barium titanate - Wikipedia However, specific information about its stability in the presence of carbonates at temperatures between 800°C and 900°C is limited. At these elevated temperatures, BaTiO₃ may undergo phase transitions and could potentially react with certain compounds. Therefore, while BaTiO₃ is chemically stable under many conditions, its behavior in the presence of carbonates at high temperatures would require further investigation to determine its stability accurately.”
Now all I have to do is choose.
… I'm not in the mood at the moment to do so…
Making Ionic Liquids: The Future of Solvents and Catalysis?
I was wondering about the possibility of having an alkaline biomimetic fluid system similar to blood.
Alkaline fuel cells can work with any kind of fuel, but any content of carbon can turn the hydroxides in the cell into carbonate crystals.
So the idea would be to continuously pump hydroxide based electrolyte fluid/gel through the membrane and continuously feed the carbonate through a machine that would reverse said process.
I asked ChatGPT and DeepSeek:
“Causticization with Calcium Hydroxide: Process: Sodium carbonate reacts with calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) to regenerate NaOH, while calcium carbonate precipitates out. Requires a steady supply of calcium hydroxide.
The byproduct, calcium carbonate, must be thermally decomposed (∼900°C) to regenerate CaO (quicklime), which is then hydrated back to Ca(OH)₂. This adds complexity and energy costs.
Electro
Discussions
Become a Hackaday.io Member
Create an account to leave a comment. Already have an account? Log In.