FulanoDetail4. Practical Implementation
Complexity of Electric Field Systems: Designing a system that uses toroidal electric fields for plasma confinement would be technically challenging. The dynamics of plasmas are complex, and the collective behavior of particles in a plasma makes it difficult to achieve the necessary confinement with electric fields alone [2].”
One of the sources:
Does the plasma move in the tokamak? - Physics Stack Exchange
“When you would now apply an external electric field, it would be somewhat shielded by the plasma particles. Hence, you can not use electric fields in a tokamak to efficiently confine the plasma. You use magnetic fields, since the particles' motion is affected by magnetic fields (Lorentz-force).”
“... In addition, it is possible to inject high energetic particles in one or the other direction to locally drive currents (neutral beam injection)...”
ChatGPT again:
“In non-thermal plasmas operating at commercial frequencies of 50 to 60 Hz, ions typically carry a single positive charge, corresponding to a charge state of +1. This means that each ion has lost one electron, resulting in a singly ionized species. The electron temperature in such plasmas is generally in the range of 1–5 electron volts (eV), while the electron density can vary from approximately 10^8 to 10^10 electrons per cubic centimeter.
These singly charged ions are characteristic of non-thermal plasmas, where the electron temperature is significantly higher than the ion and neutral gas temperatures, leading to ionization without substantial heating of the entire gas. This allows non-thermal plasmas to be used in various applications, including surface treatments and material processing, without causing thermal damage to the substrates involved. ”
Source listed by it: Review of Plasma Processing for Polymers and Bio-Materials Using a Commercial Frequency (50/60 Hz)-Generated Discharge
“A singly charged positive ion (with a charge of +1) moving through a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to both its velocity and the magnetic field direction. This force causes the ion to follow a curved trajectory, such as circular or helical paths, depending on its initial motion relative to the magnetic field.
The magnetic field's poles—north and south—indicate the field's direction, from north to south. However, the ion's motion is influenced by the magnetic field's local direction and strength, not directly by the poles themselves. Therefore, the ion's behavior is determined by its velocity and the magnetic field's orientation at its location, rather than the specific pole (north or south) it is near.
In summary, a singly charged positive ion in a magnetic field will experience a force that alters its path, but this interaction depends on the ion's motion and the magnetic field's characteristics at its position, not directly on the magnetic poles.”
Source listed by it: 21.4: Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field - Physics LibreTexts
“In non-thermal plasmas generated at commercial frequencies of 50 to 60 Hz, the charge of ions is typically positive. This is because non-thermal plasma consists of a mixture of charged particles, including positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons, along with neutral particles. The overall charge of the plasma is electrically neutral, meaning that the number of positive ions is equal to the number of negative electrons.
Key Characteristics of Ions in Non-Thermal Plasmas:
Ion Charge: In non-thermal plasmas, ions are predominantly positively charged.
Temperature Disparity: The electron temperature is significantly higher than that of the ions and neutral particles, which is a defining characteristic of non-thermal plasma [1].
Generation Method: At 50 to 60 Hz, the plasma is typically generated using capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) techniques, where the alternating current creates an electric field that ionizes the gas, leading to the formation of ions and electrons [1][2].”
Source listed by it: Review of Plasma Processing for Polymers and Bio-Materials Using a Commercial Frequency (50/60 Hz)-Generated Discharge Preliminary Exploration of Low Frequency Low-Pressure Capacitively Coupled Ar-O 2 Plasma The Potential of Non-thermal Plasmas in the Preparation of Supported Metal Catalysts for Fuel Conversion in Automotive Systems: A Literature Overview
So, yeah, particle accelerators, but which one would be useful for thrust generation?
Source: A Compact Ion Accelerator for Ion-Beam Technologies | Technical Physics
Particle accelerator | Definition, Types, History, & Facts | Britannica
Electron cyclotron resonance - Wikipedia
Design of an ECR Gasdynamic Mirror Thruster
A question about the Fermi acceleration - Physics Stack Exchange
There are spiral cyclotrons… But since we are talking about a tube, wouldn’t that be better? Or not?
I mean… I don’t really know…
Source: Fundamentals of Electron Cyclotron Resonance and Cyclotron Autoresonance in Gyro-Devices: A Comprehensive Review of Theory Circular Path of Particles | AQA A Level Physics Revision Notes 2015
Sources:
Transport & acceleration of space charge dominated beam with Cyclotron
(PDF) Cyclotrons and Fixed Field Alternating Gradient Accelerators
Magnetic reconnection - Wikipedia
Energetic electron acceleration by unsteady magnetic reconnection | Nature Physics
The Solar Particle Acceleration Radiation and Kinetics (SPARK) Mission Concept
So maybe you need to add opposite oscillating electromagnetic fields on the top and on the bottom to make the ions/electrons flow even faster?
Like two opposing toroids?
Source: A thruster using magnetic reconnection to create a high-speed plasma jet Laboratory evidence of confinement and acceleration of wide-angle flows by toroidal magnetic fields | Communications Physics
In the first case, if you put one toroid inside the other, would that allow the particles to be accelerated in a preferred direction instead of everywhere?
it seems so…
The source is the first article above, but that design wasn’t explored. The first thing that I can notice is that the reconnection magnetic field will accelerate the particles in both directions.
Maybe you could make the coils have more turns in the direction that you want the particles to be accelerated towards.
Source is: Making a Coilgun - Part 3: Reconsidering Everything
I meant thicker coils at the bottom like in the second picture, not conical coils, but I guess that works too.
Maybe you could even make these coils in the shape of de-laval nozzles?
Source: The Measurement of Plasma Structure in a Magnetic Thrust Chamber
Am I digging too deep? Are these topics even relevant to ion thrusters?
I swear to god, I saw a tubular cyclotron that was perfect, but for the life of me, I can’t find the article again.
Maybe it is a gyrotron?
Gyrotron vs Magnetron vs Orbitron vs Peniotron vs Ubitron | Difference between
Peniotron: A Promising Microwave Source with Potential That Has Yet to Be Realized
(PDF) The Gyrotron at 50: Historical Overview
Or maybe it was this thing?
Traveling Wave Tube - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Traveling-wave tube - Wikipedia
(PDF) MM-wave source development at Los Alamos
Now I’m wondering what is the best approach to accelerate plasma as much as possible as efficiently as possible… I mean, yes, I suggest spiral cyclotrons and all, but I was wondering about other things that I could also add to it.
Maybe increasing the number of stages could also increase efficiency.
(PDF) Experiment Research on a Variable Magnet Length Cusped Field Thruster
I would also bet that adding electrets would also increase the efficiency, since they would be helping the flow of electrons/ions just like a permanent magnet helps electromagnets.
Creating an Exotic Material With A Permanent Static Charge (Electret)
Anyway, the sources in the wikipedia affirmation of 65-80% efficiency of energy conversion to propulsion leads to gridded ion thrusters.
https://massless.info/images/choueiri-sciam-2009.pdf (in the PDF it is possible to see that even the gridded ion thruster still uses magnets, maybe creating really small honeycomb style channels with their own magnets and/or electromagnets could be useful to increase efficiency)
Gridded ion thruster - Wikipedia
It needs a positive and negative grid with high electrostatic charges… But why tho?
Why not put the anode outside, as one of the grids of the gridded ion thruster instead of using its walls as the anode? Wouldn't that also help with acceleration?
WebGPT:
“In a gridded ion thruster, the anode is typically integrated into the walls of the discharge chamber, serving as the screen grid. This configuration is essential for creating the necessary electric fields to extract and accelerate ions effectively. Positioning the anode outside or at the bottom of the thruster would disrupt this process and introduce several challenges:
Electric Field Configuration: The screen grid, as part of the discharge chamber walls, establishes an electric field that extracts ions from the plasma. Relocating the anode would alter this field, potentially reducing ion extraction efficiency. The screen grid's design is critical for focusing ions through the accelerator grid, and any change could compromise this function.
Ion Acceleration: The accelerator grid, positioned downstream of the screen grid, is negatively biased to accelerate positively charged ions. If the anode were moved outside or to the bottom, the relative positioning of the grids would change, potentially affecting the acceleration process and the overall thrust produced.
Electron Backstreaming: A key function of the screen grid is to prevent electrons from backstreaming into the discharge chamber, which could lead to ionization losses and erosion of the grids. Altering the anode's position could disrupt this balance, increasing the risk of electron backstreaming and reducing thruster efficiency.”
Preliminary Design Tool for Medium-Low-Power Gridded Ion Thrusters
Effect of discharge chamber geometry on ion loss in microwave discharge ion thruster - ScienceDirect
Gridded Ion Thrusters – Beyond NERVA
(it seems like you could use the grid itself to make the nozzle of the craft, without the need for a de-laval nozzle. Or at least reduce its size)
Electric Propulsion Part 2: Electrostatic Propulsion – Beyond NERVA
How Gridded Ion Thrusters Work - Ion Creation...
Now that I think about it, wouldn't it be interesting to add even more spin to the ions/electrons if you had an array of opposing electrodes that are also activated in rotation?
Source: (PDF) High to Microwave Frequencies Imaging Techniques
Now, what is the optimal size and distance for the electrodes in order to add the most acceleration possible?
ChatGPT:
“To optimize the efficiency of an ion accelerator or ion thruster that utilizes electrodes with piezo transformer discharge, several factors regarding the size of components and the distance between them must be considered. Here are the key aspects:
Component Size
Electrode Dimensions:
The size of the electrodes significantly impacts the electric field strength and the ionization process. For instance, in the NASA Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT), the beam extraction diameter was increased to 40 cm to enhance performance, which nearly doubled the beam-extraction area compared to its predecessor [2].
Smaller electrodes may lead to higher electric fields but can also increase the risk of discharge losses. Therefore, a balance must be struck between size and efficiency.
Material Selection:
The choice of materials for the electrodes is crucial. Molybdenum is often used due to its high strength and low thermal expansion, which helps maintain structural integrity under operational conditions [2].
Distance Between Components
Span-to-Gap Ratio:
The span-to-gap ratio, defined as the diameter of the electrodes divided by the distance between them, is a critical parameter. For the NEXT thruster, this ratio was increased to 600 to allow for better throttling capabilities while maintaining efficiency [2].
A higher span-to-gap ratio generally allows for better ion acceleration and reduced losses, as it optimizes the electric field distribution.
Optimal Gaps:
The distance between the electrodes should be minimized to enhance the electric field strength while avoiding electrical breakdown. Typical designs suggest maintaining a gap that is a fraction of the electrode diameter, often around 1/10th to 1/20th of the diameter, depending on the specific design and operational voltage.
Additional Considerations
Electrode Shape: The geometry of the electrodes can also affect performance. Sharp points on anodes can enhance ionization by concentrating the electric field, while rounded cathodes can help in collecting ions more effectively [1].
Power Input: The input power to the system should be adjustable to optimize performance across different operational regimes. The NEXT thruster operates effectively within a power range of 1.2 to 6.9 kW, indicating the importance of flexibility in design [2].
In summary, for an ion accelerator or ion thruster using piezo transformer discharge, the optimal component sizes and distances involve larger electrode diameters (around 40 cm for high performance), a high span-to-gap ratio (around 600), and careful consideration of the gap distance (ideally a small fraction of the electrode diameter) to maximize efficiency and minimize losses.”
The sources: Building An Ion Thruster: Model I | by Chloe Wang Domed, 40-cm-Diameter Ion Optics for an Ion Thruster
Ion optics is just a fancy name for anything that can focus plasma.
No, I’m looking at it upside down, I should’ve been looking at the voltage first and then the distance between the electrodes.
What should be the ideal voltage for an ion thruster/ionocraft/ion powered craft anyway?
Dielectric strength - Wikipedia
Dielectric strength/dielectric breakdown of air is 3 kilovolts per millimeter.
But I need precisely this amount or I could simply go even further? Like 30 kilovolts, 500 kilovolts to even 1 million volts?
Like I explained before, 1 million volts don’t mean 1 million watts.
Volts x Amperage = Wattage
1,000,000 volts x 0.0000001 amps = 0.1 watts
ChatGPT:
“Optimal Voltage and Current:
Ionocrafts typically operate at high voltages, generally between 20 to 50 kilovolts (kV). At approximately 30 kV, the emitter electrode ionizes nearby air molecules, initiating the ion propulsion process.
The current in these systems is relatively low, often in the microampere (µA) range, due to the high resistance of the air gap between electrodes. This combination allows for ionization without significant power consumption.
Power Consumption and Thrust Efficiency:
The efficiency of ionocrafts is measured in terms of thrust produced per unit of power consumed. Research indicates that ionic wind thrusters can produce approximately 110 newtons (N) of thrust per kilowatt (kW) of power. In contrast, conventional jet engines produce about 2 N of thrust per kW.
This suggests that ionocrafts have the potential to be significantly more efficient in terms of thrust-to-power ratio.
Research on Optimal Voltage and Current for Maximum Thrust:
Studies have explored the relationship between voltage, current, and thrust in ionocrafts. One study found that the thrust generated by an ionocraft correlates primarily with voltage rather than current. For example, 1 watt at 100 kV produces more ion wind than 1,000 watts at 10 volts. However, increasing voltage also increases ionization between electrodes, which can lead to challenges such as electrical arcing.
Another study demonstrated a centimeter-scale flying robot powered by EHD thrust, capable of flight while carrying and streaming data from an onboard sensor. This research highlights the potential for controlled flight in small-scale ionocrafts. ”
Sources it linked:
Ion-propelled aircraft - Wikipedia
How Ion Propulsion, Lifters and Ionocrafts Work
https://workshopscience.com/ionocraft-project
Does anyone know what happen to research into Ionocraft or so called Lifters?
One Million Volts Generator / A High Voltage Generator DIY
Making a Jacob's Ladder to Celebrate a Million Subs!
DIY Overclocked Plasma Globe. 2500V to a MILLION volts
Catching Lightning From 1,000,000v Tesla Coil! (Ft. ArcAttack)
⚡ Playing with 1 MILLION VOLTS ⚡
How a Tesla Coil Works ⚡ How to Make a Tesla Coil ⚡ Nikola Tesla
DIY 50,000 Volt Arc Lighter Powered Tesla Coil (ft. Integza)
Tesla Coil 101 and Build a Mini Tesla Coil
SLAYER EXCITER - Tutorial, Explanation, and More
Solid State Tesla Coil (SSTC) Part 1
High Voltage Spiral Line Transformer
A Souped-Up Van de Graaf Generator - ANU Heavy Ion Accelerator
Is it the volts or amps that kill?
A Megavolt Nanosecond Generator with a Semiconductor Opening Switch
A Generator of Ultrashort Megavolt Pulses
Negative Voltages are more important than you think! So here is how to make them! EB#52
Building an Adjustable High Voltage Supply
Make 3.7v to 100000v High voltage generator | High voltage transformer
Capacitive Voltage Reverser - Create a Negative Power Rail With No Transformer - Simply Put
How to make a negative voltage with a positive regulator?
Make a Negative Regulated Voltage
Source: Non-thermal equilibrium effect on plasma window with large diameter (the article is 2 page long and doesn’t seem to give proper numbers for non-thermal plasma windows)
By the way, plasma windows have these things called “intermediate electrodes”, these are unpowered electrodes that help stabilize the plasma.
ChatGPT:
“In plasma generation systems, intermediate electrodes—often referred to as floating electrodes—are conductive components that are not directly connected to an external power source or ground. Instead, they attain their potential through interactions with the surrounding plasma environment. These electrodes are considered unpowered because they do not receive direct electrical input.
Floating electrodes play a significant role in various plasma configurations. For instance, in dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma devices, the inclusion of a floating electrode can influence plasma characteristics. Research has demonstrated that adding a floating electrode to a DBD setup can enhance plasma density and affect the distribution of reactive species.
[1907.08654] Four-electrodes DBD plasma jet device with additional floating electrode
Similarly, in radio-frequency (RF) plasma jets, the presence of a floating electrode has been shown to alter discharge properties. Studies indicate that incorporating a floating electrode can decrease the voltage required to initiate the plasma jet, thereby affecting the overall efficiency and behavior of the plasma.
Effect of a floating electrode on a plasma jet “
All of that to generate thrust, but it just came to me that maybe the best way of using an ionic thruster in the atmosphere would be employing it like a ramjet…
It would already accelerate the air with the pressure build up.
Well, the only thing left is to attempt to calculate the most efficient and/or the best way of generating thrust.
And maybe build it?
Well… The issue is that I’m no physicist and no engineer, so in order to calculate the best way of accelerating the air ions would be to take all of these things into consideration and calculate the best way to move it…
I’m no specialist, but I don’t think that simply adding as many things as possible to the atmospheric cold ion thruster would work.
Anyway, I will continue listing the articles that I found on the subject that may or may not be useful:
Something I found interesting: electrostatic confinement of plasma.
Normally they are experiments on fusion, but you could use the lessons learned to contain and/or accelerate plasma/ions:
Source: Project: Multi-grid Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion (IECF)
Source:
IEC Fusion Reactor Demo - No Fusion
Continuous Electrode Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion - NASA
Fusor Plasma Dynamics - Star mode, Jet mode, Glow discharge
Experimenting with fusor grid geometry
Also, I just saw this electromagnetic vortex “cannon”, essentially it makes radio waves in ring shapes that work like vortex air cannons, but for information transmission only.
Observation of resilient propagation and free-space skyrmions in toroidal electromagnetic pulses
Supertoroidal light pulses as electromagnetic skyrmions propagating in free space
Maybe it could be used to accelerate the cold plasma in a more efficient way?
Speaking of which, I remember seeing this thing suggested for nuclear fusion:
Dense plasma focus - Wikipedia
It doesn’t work, but you can see on the second video that electrons go in one direction and ions in another.
… Which makes me wonder why the attempts on making fusion with this never employ the attempt to make multiple shots in sequence and/or point all of these to a single point and/or opposed directions. Like the plasma railgun fusion concept.
Maybe you can use an electron mirror to reflect the electron beam back to the ions in order to focus all the energy of the system in a single direction.
Mirror, Mirror, Electron Mirror… | Hackaday
Visualizing the path of electrons in a magnetic field
Electron Mirror - F-J's Physics - Video 131
… And it is said to be a powerful source of X-rays, but since we are working with non-thermal plasma, it probably won’t be a problem.
“Generating intense X-ray pulses using a dense plasma focus (DPF) device typically requires substantial energy input. Stored electrical energy requirements for these systems range from 1 kJ to 100 kJ per pulse, with repetition rates not exceeding a few pulses per second.
In contrast, non-thermal plasmas, which operate at lower temperatures and energies, are less efficient at producing X-rays. While they can emit X-rays under certain conditions, the intensity and energy of the X-rays generated are generally much lower compared to those produced by DPF devices. For instance, non-thermal plasma sources have been characterized with output voltages around 3 kV and currents of 40 mA, resulting in an average power of 12 W.
Regarding safety concerns, exposure to X-rays can pose health risks, including radiation burns, tissue damage, and increased cancer risk. In controlled environments like laboratories, equipment is designed with shielding to protect users from radiation exposure. However, if you don't have adequate protection or if you're unsure of the setup, it's safer to avoid experimenting with devices that could produce X-rays.”
Reading the articles it seems like any other type of particle accelerator, depending on how you build it, you can tune it to shoot different types of wavelengths. X-rays and Ultraviolet light.
Generation of Long Laminar Plasma Jets: Experimental and Numerical Analyses
Preliminary investigations on low-pressure laminar plasma spray processing - ScienceDirect
Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
Electrokinetic phenomena - Wikipedia
Levitating Objects Using 200,000 Volts Of Electricity! ( Electrostatic Levitation )
Levitation Powers From High Voltage (World First?)
I Built The First Ionic Tornado Machine! (Unreal performance)
9000 Volt Plasma Tornado Made by Electricity
Toroidal counter electrode for ionic propulsion | Scientific Reports
(PDF) The Magnetic Interference Hall Accelerator
Dynamics of the gas flow turbulent front in atmospheric pressure plasma jets | Request PDF
The Measurement of Plasma Structure in a Magnetic Thrust Chamber
An atmosphere-breathing propulsion system using inductively coupled plasma source - ScienceDirect
Inductively Coupled Nonthermal Plasma Synthesis of Size-Controlled γ-Al2O3 Nanocrystals - PMC
Taking Man To Mars! | How MPD (MagnetoPlasmaDynamic) Thrusters Work (In the end it is said that “nuclear reactors are illegal”, bruh, literally every single satellite on the star system is powered by nuclear reactors, mostly radioisotope thermoelectric generators)
How Hall thrusters work (and why we can't simulate them)
Design Process of an Updated RMF Thruster
Rocket Science: Magnetoplasmadynamic Thrusters and Magnetoshell Shields
Returning Man to the Moon! | How Do HALL EFFECT THRUSTERS Work?
Physics of Low-Temperature/Non-Equilibrium Plasmas
Modeling and design of a physical vapor deposition process assisted by thermal plasma (PS-PVD)
Why Are There Two Different Types Of Electric Space Engines, And How Do They Work?
Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Propulsion - What Is It? #magnetohydrodynamics #mhd #aerospace #asteronx
Lightning In a Bottle? The Science Of Electro-Thermal Rocket Engines
Superconductor-based Applied-Field Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster Technology - Collier-Wright et. al.
A Basic Overview of MPD Magnetoplasmadynamics Thrusters for the layman
The Nuclear-Electric Pulsed Inductive Thruster (NuPIT): Mission Analysis for Prometheus
The VASIMR Engine – 0.000167 c / 50 km/s
The VASIMR Engine: How to Get to Mars in 40 Days
How It Works: The Science of the Z Pinch
Are X-Rays Produced From Plasma Compression?
First Helicon Plasma Physics and Applications Workshop
Coupling of Fluid and Particle-in-Cell Simulations of Ambipolar Plasma Thrusters
Full article: Helicon high-density plasma sources: physics and applications
Plasma Compression (Z Pinch) Part 1/3 Plasma Compression Z Pinch Part 2/3 Plasma Compression Z Pinch Part 3/3
実験映像#03 "The 1000T ultrahigh magnetic field generator using electromagnetic flux compression"
The X3 Ion Thruster Is Here, This Is How It'll Get Us to Mars
Theoretical and Experimental Analysis for an Air-Breathing Pulsed Plasma Thruster
Design of an Air-Breathing Electric Thruster for CubeSat Applications
Engineering magnetics -- practical introduction to BH curve
How Does a Plasma Vortex Work? (I do wonder if plasma vortex could help with the propulsion, lol)
I built an IONIC PLASMA THRUSTER (Best Design)
First Breakthrough for Future Air-Breathing Magneto-Plasma Propulsion Systems
NASA INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED CONCEPTS NIAC CP 98-0
Magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) Thrusters – Beyond NERVA
Plasma-induced flow instabilities in atmospheric pressure plasma jets
Nonequilibrium discharges in air and nitrogen plasmas at atmospheric pressure
(PDF) On atmospheric-pressure non-equilibrium plasma jets and plasma bullets
Electrodeless Lorentz Force Thruster (ELF) | Aeronautics and Astronautics
Review of non-conventional Hall effect thrusters | Journal of Electric Propulsion
Plasma thrusters used on satellites could be much more powerful - Michigan Aerospace Engineering
(PDF) A Comprehensive Review of Atmosphere-Breathing Electric Propulsion Systems
Aerospace Applications of Non- Equilibrium Plasma
Non-Equilibrium Air Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure
Air ionization in self-neutralizing air-breathing plasma thruster | Journal of Electric Propulsion
(PDF) Electrodeless plasma thrusters for spacecraft: A review
Discharge modes of atmospheric pressure DC plasma jets operated with air or nitrogen | Request PDF
An atmosphere-breathing propulsion system using inductively coupled plasma source - ScienceDirect
A review of air-breathing electric propulsion: from mission studies to technology verification
Design of an intake and a thruster for an atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion system
[PDF] Study of RF Plasma Technology Applied to Air-Breathing Electric Propulsion. | Semantic Scholar
Hydrogen Plasma in Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Field of a Toroidal Coil
Hydrogen Plasma in Magnetic Fields
Cold Plasma Gliding Arc Reactor System for Nanoparticles’ Removal from Diesel Cars’ Exhaust Gases
(PDF) On helicon thrusters: Will they ever fly?
Controlled orbital dynamics of low altitude formations by means of electrical propulsion
Status and Prospects on Nonequilibrium Modeling of High Velocity Plasma Flow in an Arcjet Thruster
A review of the characterization and optimization of ablative pulsed plasma thrusters
An Ionization-Driven Air Plasma Jet
Schlieren High-Speed Imaging of a Nanosecond Pulsed Atmospheric Pressure Non-equilibrium Plasma Jet
Helical mirrors for active plasma flow suppression in linear magnetic traps - ScienceDirect
Electric breakdown under the spread of pulsed current in a sand
Positron acceleration in a hollow plasma channel up to TeV regime | Scientific Reports
(PDF) Characteristic analysis of plasma channel and shock wave in electrohydraulic pulsed discharge
Plasma channel undulator excited by high-order laser modes | Scientific Reports
World's Most Powerful Pancake Slayer Tesla Coil? (Melts Copper)
Visualizing Invisible Energy Fields (Using a Neon array)
DIY High Voltage Imaging With Kirlian Photography
Magical Plasma Manipulation Using Neon!
9000 Volt Plasma Tornado Made by Electricity
How Storms Are Tracked (DIY Lightning Detector Hack)
The 50,000 volt Subaru Outback Powersource!
Spherical magnet array with a spiral configuration 🌀🧲
Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion - Wikipedia
Selecting Accurate Flow Control Restrictors for Electric Propulsion | The Lee Co
Stretched arc discharge in produced water | Review of Scientific Instruments | AIP Publishing
Plasma Window Propulsion:
Well, although I got a better understanding of ionic wind thrusters, ion thrusters, particle accelerators and the like, I still wasn’t able to find a definitive answer for a better electric propulsion system.
But I still want to check the possibility of using plasma windows for propulsion.
- Since plasma windows can separate air from vacuum with its viscosity, if I move the apparatus with a plasma window on it, will it push air?
- If it is the case, then, can I move the plasma window without any moving parts, making a solid state propulsion system?
I couldn’t find anything on the subject.
The closest thing I could find was the Jacob’s Ladder, but in that case, the plasma arc rises because it is heating the air, not because you want it to move it upwards.
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