FulanoDetailJust saw this video: I built a 1,000,000,000 fps video camera to watch light move It may be useful for the plasma system for detecting the speed and position of projectiles.
An obvious solution would be to fill the surface of an object with electrodes, but the electrodes would take too much time to build, check and maintain.
Sources: Basic Concepts of Plasma Generation | SpringerLink https://www.ialtenergy.com/dpf.html
The first and second images are an example, where the electrodes are in an array and the magnetic fields would contain the plasma. Making multiple “scales” around the body of the object.
I don’t think there is a way of making a bigger shield, I think it would be better to make something like the dense plasma focus structure. Except airflow would be coming out of the tubular electrodes, making a shell-like plasma field around a part
An air knife is just an arrangement of nozzles that make airflows in a very specific way.
Streamtek Regular Air Knife Explanation
Air Consumption Open Pipe vs Air Knife
I thought about the possibility of a non-thermal "open tokamak" with an air jet of cold-plasma, but I mean...
Source: (PDF) ARTIGO: ENERGIA ELÉTRICA VIA FUSÃO TERMONUCLEAR CONTROLADA # PAPER: ELECTRIC ENERGY VIA CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION
That would already be super complicated in itself… But how would I detect the incoming projectile? How would I melt specifically the incoming projectile, like the previous ideas? I would need to heat so much of the surrounding air that it would need unviable amounts of energy.
Sources: High frequency instability of a magnetized spherical electron sheath Sheaths and Boundary Layers
These last two images are the ones that mostly look like an actual energy shield, but it is just a round electrode in a near-vacuum chamber. So if you wanted to make that work, you would need to essentially make the entire object into an electrode…
Which comes back to the problem of: how to selectively melt incoming projectiles? If I need to heat up everything, it would need so much energy it would be impractical.
I think the only way would be to make “lines” and use intermediate electrodes to guide these lines.
Take a magnetic field of a solenoid as an example, it is a torus, take the image of the torus on the right and take out all the horizontal lines, leaving only the vertical lines.
Imagine that each single one of the lines starts from a pointy electrode and they go from the top directly to the bottom, meeting a single spherical electrode.
The intermediate electrodes and the magnetic field would guide these lines, each one of these electrode lines would also be a sensor to detect incoming projectiles. If you fit enough vertical lines, it will be able to cover the entire object.
The issue is: how to fit the mech inside of it?
It is straightforward enough to encompass a ship or other shapes, but a mech?
Found this gif randomly on one of those pseudoscience accounts on pinterest, although it tries to imply humans have some kind of “harmony field”, it seems it could work for the electromagnetic field of an energy shield.
5 toroids, one on the torso and one in each limb, they all converge on the top.
🔶🔶🔶🔶
(I will write these orange squares to keep track of parts where I’m procrastinating, so I finish them already)
How to make humans dodge bullets in real life:
The idea is pretty simple actually:
- Take that nanosecond camera that can see light moving through air
- Add the HUD screen to the human viewer as a faded image that shows what is happening as something that will happen.
- And that’s it.
Like a “precognitive vision” so to speak.
The HUD would show you a prediction of what would happen in a way you would have time to react. World's Most Advanced HUD | Real Life Power Armor (Part 3/6) Rudeus Beat Eris In Sword Fight By Using Demon Eyes |Mushoku Tensei: Jobless Reincarnation S1 Ep 12| (this is the only example that I could think of at the moment)
Tanks and missiles already do that using rangefinders to predict where to point based on speed, direction and position of said targets.
Trajectory Prediction & Collision Detection
The Missile Knows Where It Is, But It's Actually A Javascript Tutorial
Real-time Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction
Funny thing is: this wasn’t even my idea, it was suggested by ChatGPT.
I was wondering about how you could make a hypothetical human-computer-interface to work in real life without giving full control to the AI while taking into consideration the limit of human perception.
The computer can see the bullet coming, but a human can’t. So how do you solve it?
Then ChatGPT suggested:
You make the computer calculate the trajectory of the bullet and show it to the human as a “precognitive vision”, something that will happen.
Predicting what can happen, not what will happen.
(assuming this can be done in real life) That would still have some flaws.
The computer can only make an approximation of what can happen heavily depending on your perception of time and your reaction speed to deal with the threat.
So if you are going around a corner and someone throws something at you behind it you wouldn’t be able to see it coming, because you wouldn’t be fast enough to access the situation and dodge.
Adaptive fluid armor/Rheological Armor:
Well, I don’t want to make anything to hurt other people, but making ballistic armor doesn’t count, right?
In any manner, for some reason I got the “funsies” for an armor that is completely malleable, but hardens during impact.
Non-Newtonian fluid - Wikipedia
Dilatant - Wikipedia (for some reason they are also called dilatants)
Shear-thickening fluids, magneto-rheological fluids, electro-rheological fluids are all rheological fluids.
In a dumb-down manner (which is the manner that I understand things), a “rheological” material is any kind of material that has a property that is “activated” depending in a specific manner.
Either on impact, electricity, magnetism, chemically, under light etc.
https://youtu.be/ejRFQaIsvj0?t=180 (deus ex: Mankind divided)
https://deusex.fandom.com/wiki/Titan
"Titan, stylized as TITAN, is an experimental augmentation in Deus Ex: Mankind Divided. A neodymium skin underlay matrix built of nano-meshed rare earth magnets and powered with hook-ins to the Biocell electrical system, the TITAN skin augmentation can be activated at will and then dissipated instantaneously. The neodymium underlay is installed with a few thousand ampoules of dimorphic magnetorheological fluid (a carbonyl iron mix with a prismatic foam nano-structure). When activated, the fluid is ejected from tiny nozzles installed throughout the skin. Simultaneously, the neodymium underlay electrifies, causing the fluid to solidify and seal the user inside an iron shell, effectively protecting them from all physical damage."
I don’t think that neodymium would be strong enough to make a strong magnetorheological fluid armor tho…
Although you are familiar with a shear-thickening fluid/non-newtonian fluid/dilatant made out of polyethylene glycol and silica nanoparticles, this is not a “real” shear-thickening fluid.
Polyethylene glycol is a shear-thinning fluid, which decreases its viscosity based on shear stress. So, I think that when you add silica as a colloidal dispersion and the fluid suffers stress, the PEG gets such a low viscosity it starts to act like a superfluid. Flowing away from the particles and creating a vacuum… I think I'm probably just talking garbage…
Well, in any manner, I was wondering about the possibility of combining as many rheological properties as possible on the most viscous fluid on the planet, mixed with rubber and see if it would be strong enough to stop bullets by itself.
ChatGPT suggested a bunch of rheological activation types, but I streamlined them down to a few that could be viable/possible/practical to use:
- (keep in mind that ChatGPT may just be making sh1t up)
- Photo-rheology Materials whose rheological properties are influenced by light exposure. Common in photopolymers and certain smart materials that harden or soften under UV or visible light.
- Pressure-sensitive Rheology Materials whose viscosity or flow properties change with applied pressure. Example: certain elastomers and polymers under high-pressure environments.
- Acousto-rheology Involves changes in rheological behavior under the influence of sound waves or ultrasonic vibrations. Used in emulsions, suspensions, or certain gels.
- Baro-rheology Describes materials whose rheological behavior is sensitive to barometric (atmospheric) pressure changes, particularly in gases or aerated materials.
- Capillary Rheology Focuses on the flow behavior of fluids in confined spaces, such as in thin capillaries or porous media.
- Extensional Rheology Studies the behavior of materials under extensional (stretching) stresses rather than shear stresses. Crucial for fiber spinning and film formation.
- Self-healing Rheology Focuses on materials with the ability to recover their rheological properties after being disturbed, common in some gels and polymer systems.
- Electrorheological fluid - Wikipedia Electrorheological (ER) fluids are suspensions of extremely fine non-conducting but electrically active particles (up to 50 micrometres diameter) in an electrically insulating fluid. The apparent viscosity of these fluids changes reversibly by an order of up to 100,000 in response to an electric field.
- Magnetorheological fluid - Wikipedia A magnetorheological fluid (MR fluid, or MRF) is a type of smart fluid in a carrier fluid, usually a type of oil. When subjected to a magnetic field, the fluid greatly increases its apparent viscosity, to the point of becoming a viscoelastic solid.
- Thermo-Rheological Materials Materials whose rheological properties are influenced by heat.
- Chemical-Rheological Materials pH-responsive hydrogels (e.g., polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol) Ion-sensitive materials (e.g., alginate or carrageenan gels activated by calcium ions) Crosslinking polymers (e.g., epoxy resins during curing) Polymer electrolytes and polyelectrolytes (e.g., Nafion membranes) Personally, I don’t think that chemo-rheological materials will be viable, but maybe they can be activated by the flow of íons generated by electricity.
Although I initially thought that you could “just” add as many materials as possible in a rheological composite, I don’t think that would work.
If every rheological material can achieve X amount of viscosity under their activation process, and you separate their spaces equally, they will still have the same X amount of viscosity under stress.
It would be like taking a structural column with tensile strength X (let’s say, 100 MPa), replacing half of it by another material with the same tensile strength X and expect that both tensile strengths will add up. It won’t.
However, if you use both materials for a composite, where one is the filler and the other is a matrix, maybe it will increase the strength of the final material.
But how can you predict the final strength?
I do think that this “rheological salad” could work (without having a degree on the subject) if you had as many rheological properties as possible in a single material.
The polyethylene glycol and colloidal silica could be both a shear-thickening fluid and an electrorheological fluid if it builts electrical charge on impact, and the only material that I know that can generate electricity on impact is piezoelectric materials.
If the electrical charge could flow, generating a current, thus generating a magnetic field, it could also work as a magnetorheological fluid. But for that, you would need conductive and/or ferromagnetic materials as well.
The most viscous fluid on the planet is pitch/bitumen/tar/asphalt, which is so viscous a single drop can take 10 years to fall. It also looks and behaves a little like grass, being brittle and reflective.
Pitch drop experiment - Wikipedia
Watch the performance of bitumen emulsion vs standard bitumen - time-lapse
Is a 30lb block of asphalt road crackfill rubber, bullet proof?
How Deep Into Asphalt Will A Bullet Go?
I Bought 150lbs of Silly Puddy and it ACTUALLY Kinda Works....
What happens when you shoot SILLY PUTTY with a GUN?
Futuristic Bullet Stopping Sand Will Save ALL The Troops!!!!
Is Oobleck the Body Armor of the Future?!?!?
Making Shock Absorbing Protective Gear From Goo | How Do They Do It?
Liquid Body Armor STL Sheer Thickening Fluid Body Armor Stab Proof Body armor
Transparent shear-thickening hydrogel
Making and testing polymer gel (slime).
MAGNETIC PAINT | Cheaper and easier than Ferrofluid and Ferripaste?
This polymer hardens as it heats up - Research Outreach
“The chosen hydrogel was poly(acrylic acid), PAAc, which is a polyelectrolyte, meaning that its repeating structure contains a structure which can disassociate, leaving a negative oxygen ion on the polymer chain. This property of the polymer is valuable because the ions formed will mimic the ion-forming amino acids in the thermophile proteins, allowing the polymer chains to form electrostatic attractions.
However, PAAc does not solidify even at 100 °C. This is because the second crucial element of the thermophile proteins is missing: their hydrophobicity. This property is what causes water molecules to be removed from the polymer network at high temperatures. Replicating this aspect of thermophile proteins required the addition of a second, non-polymer hydrophobic molecule – calcium acetate.”
These may be useful:
Electrokinetic phenomena - Wikipedia
- Electrophoresis, as motion of charged particles under influence of electric field;
- Electro-osmosis, as motion of liquid in porous body under influence of electric field;
- Diffusiophoresis, as motion of particles under influence of a chemical potential gradient;
- Capillary osmosis, as motion of liquid in porous body under influence of the chemical potential gradient;
- Sedimentation potential, as electric field generated by sedimenting colloid particles;
- Streaming potential/current, as either electric potential or current generated by fluid moving through porous body, or relative to flat surface;
- Colloid vibration current, as electric current generated by particles moving in fluid under influence of ultrasound;
- Electric sonic amplitude, as ultrasound generated by colloidal particles in an oscillating electric field.
Interface and colloid science - Wikipedia
Magnetic levitation - Wikipedia
You could use one or more of these properties to add to this material in order to increase its strength even further.
You could also use these things to activate a capacitor bank in order to add even more electrical charge and/or strong electromagnetic fields to the fluid armor.
Sources: MIRO CANVAS | Fully Automated NGS Sample Prep | INTEGRA January 16, 2017 – Hackaday
These uses electrostatics to move the fluids, but you could use a mix of both electrostatics and electromagnets.
Sources: Design of a Compact Planar Magnetic Levitation System with Wrench–Current Decoupling Enhancement Modular Maglev: Design and implementation of a modular magnetic levitation system to levitate a 2D Halbach array - ScienceDirect An Analytical Approach to Determine Coil Thickness for Magnetically Levitated Planar Motors
Frustratingly enough, electromagnets are heavy and bulky, electrostatics are weak and light…
I did intend on making multiple thin layers of inkjet printed electrodes/electromagnets in order to make the electromagnets less bulkier, but even so, the amount of strength required to keep everything together would be really high.
>[Thing] is made out of matter
>It has weight
>FFFFFUUUUUUU
Sources: Inkjet printing of multi-layered, via-free conductive coils for inductive sensing applications All inkjet-printed flexible wireless power transfer module: PI/Ag hybrid spiral coil built into 3D NiZn-ferrite trench structure with a resonance capacitor
Source: Design of 3D Wireless Power Transfer System Based on 3D Printed Electronics
(PDF) Shapeable Material Technologies for 3D Self‐Assembly of Mesoscale Electronics
Delta Printer Morphs Into CNC Flat Coil Winder | Hackaday
Also, I just remembered about bitter electromagnets.
Source: A modified Bitter-type electromagnet and control system for cold atom experiments. | Semantic Scholar A proof-of-concept Bitter-like HTS electromagnet fabricated from a silver-infiltrated (RE)BCO ceramic bulk - IOPscience
Tailless Prince Rupert’s drop Armor:
Well, speaking of armor:
A Prince Rupert’s Drop is a drop of molten glass in water that solidifies in a very specific way, its bulbous part is extremely strong, but if you touch its tail in any place, it explodes into smithereens.
Research solves centuries-old riddle of Prince Rupert’s drops - Purdue University News
How are Prince Rupert's Drops so strong?
Prince Rupert's Drops Are Stronger Than Steel
Mystery of Prince Rupert's Drop at 130,000 fps - Smarter Every Day 86
HYDRAULIC PRESS VS HARDEST OBJECT, RUPERT'S DROP (the drop can withstand 12 to 20 tons of compressive force)
.38 Special vs Prince Ruperts Drop at 170,000 FPS - Smarter Every Day 169
Bullet vs Prince Rupert's Drop at 150,000 fps - Smarter Every Day 165
AK-47 vs Prince Rupert's Drop (at 223,000 FPS) - Smarter Every Day 170
50 BMG VS Prince Rupert's Drop in Super Slow Mo | 610,000fps (it can even stop 50 cal BMG bullets)
If it was tailless, it would be (supposedly) indestructible, capable of stopping 50 Cal bullets while being made out of cheap and abundant glass.
But the problem is that molten glass (at 700ºC) is incredibly viscous and the tail is a direct result of that.
However, since glass gets less viscous than water at 1800ºC it would be possible to make a tailless prince Rupert's drop.
Aerodynamic levitation - Wikipedia
You can use aerodynamic levitation to make the glass and cool it quickly:
Molten zirconium (Zr) levitated by aerodynamic levitation (ADL) technique
Aerodynamic levitation - dev.mov
Home made lead shot maker (There are also these lead pellet making machines that melt it, turn it into a drop and then drop it into a cooling fluid. I don’t know if it would work for glass tho…)
Oasis Lead Shot Maker First Use
However, one interesting fact about it is that only 10% of the surface’s depth of the drop is at compressive stress (glass has a compressive strength of around 21,000 MPa), then, once the external stresses surpass the tensile strength of glass (varying from 7 to 100 MPa), it breaks.
So I think that a good way of increasing the strength of the tailless drop even further would be to replace its core with high carbon hard steel, since it would have an even higher tensile strength (600 MPa).
However, I can’t imagine you making an inner core of steel for the drop without using a copper mold.
Also, I don’t know if the rupert drop can be made out of anything besides glass…
Electron trap energy storage:
Well, in a few previous project logs I suggested the idea of keeping electrons rotating in a magnetic trap. And once you wanted to get some or all of the power at once, you would deactivate the magnetic field, the electrons would hit electrodes, transferring their energy.
This (ideally) would be like an ultra compact capacitor bank in the megajoules (megajoule capacitor banks can be the size of a building).
“The invariant mass of an electron is approximately 9.109×10^−31 kg, or 5.489×10−4 Da. Due to mass–energy equivalence, this corresponds to a rest energy of 0.511 MeV (8.19×10^−14 J).”
“An electron carries a fundamental charge of approximately 1.602176634e-19 coulombs = joules”
x * 1.602176634e-19 = 100,000,000 x=624150907446076313600000000
624150907446076313600000000 * 9.109e-31 kg = 0.00056853906159263091405824
0.00056853906159263091405824 grams of electrons = 100,000,000 megajoules.
So, for every 0.5 micrograms of electrons, I would have 100 megajoules.
This is assuming it has perfect transfer, but it won’t happen.
How much electricity can a kilo of electrons produce? - Physics Stack Exchange
“...However, what the existing answers don't mention is how much energy it costs to put that much excess charge together…”
“... It's hard to understate just how big that energy is. It's tempting to compare it to the energy in a nuclear bomb, but that's in the order of a kiloton of TNT equivalent, which is in the range of Ekiloton=4×10^12 J…”
Supposedly, you could do the same to positrons (the antimatter version of electrons), so you could release both in a chamber and they would self-annihilate. Releasing gamma rays that could be turned into heat, and then converted into electricity.
Although electrons flowing like in capacitors are safer to use, the self annihilation of these particles would release much, much more energy.
After all, the entire mass of the electrons and positrons would be converted into energy, while the electrons in the electron trap are dependent on kinetic energy and potential charge of the electrons.
ChatGPT:
“When an electron and a positron annihilate, their combined rest mass is converted into energy, releasing approximately 1.6374211299300055e-13 joules. This energy is typically emitted as two gamma-ray photons, each with an energy of about 8.187105649650027e-14 joules.”
“An electron carries a fundamental charge of approximately 1.602176634e-19 coulombs = joules”
So, 0.0000000000000081 joules / 0.000000000000000000016 joules = 510,998.9
So, the electron-positron annihilation would release 500,000 times more energy than the electron trap energy storage.
So, you would need:
1.13e-9 or 0.00000000113707812 grams in total of 50:50 of electrons and positrons.
Or 5.6e-10 or 0.00000000056853906 grams of each for 100 Megajoules of energy.
Do I even need to store electrons to react with the positrons?
Literally everything has electrons, you don't need to store them in this case.
The whole issue would be:
- how to produce positrons
- how to store positrons
- how to release positrons.
Everything is made of matter with negatively charged electrons, even the particle traps, so I heard it is super hard to store positrons for a long time.
Linac and Damping Ring Designs of the Future Circular e+e− Collider of CERN
Gallium-68 generator - Wikipedia
This is a positron generator used for hospitals, for Positron Emission Tomography.
Positron emission tomography - Wikipedia
(I do wonder how much it costs)
A compact, all-optical positron production and collection scheme
Compact source of positron beams with small thermal emittance
PULSAR® - PET Isotope Production Systems
Jerzy Dryzek - Positron sources
Positron Accumulator | ALPHA Experiment
“The ALPHA Penning trap electrodes are held at a temperature of around 7-8 degrees Kelvin, though as yet, our positrons do not reach this temperature. Fortunately, the gas pressure in the cryogenic environment of the trap is very low, such that the positrons have long lifetimes against annihilation. This allows us to actively cool them using a technique borrowed from cold atom physics (and elsewhere) known as evaporative cooling. In our case we lower one side of the electrical well holding the antiparticles. This allows the more energetic to escape, with those that remain coming into thermal equilibrium at a lower temperature by colliding with one another. Doing this several times allows us to gradually cool some positrons to temperatures in the range of several 10’s of degree Kelvin. The positron cloud is then ready to be used for antihydrogen production.”
What's the longest time antimatter was able to be stored?
“Depends on the type of antimatter you consider. Positrons and antiprotons can be stored for months in penning traps. I guess many years would be possible, but no one seems to bother keeping them that long.
http://gabrielse.physics.harvard.edu/gabrielse/papers/1994/1994_haarsma/chapter1.pdf”
Developing a source of positrons.
Creating an Anti-Matter Machine at Home
How would we make antimatter in industrial quantities? - Worldbuilding Stack Exchange
If someone doesn’t make a video about a DIY positron production machine, I don’t think I will realistically be able to build it.
At first, no matter what I asked to ChatGPT and people online, I couldn’t find a single answer about if it would be possible. That or people would simply have absolutely no idea what the hell I was talking about.
Well, now the machine gods blessed me, as chatgpt finally suggested something that could work:
These (if I didn’t misunderstand how it works) keep electrons, protons or positrons freely rotating inside a magnetic trap.
But maybe you could also use an electrostatic trap/electron trap to keep the electrons from touching the walls/electrodes by using an electrical charge in the walls equal or similar to the electrons. Translation: if the electrons have an X charge, keep the walls with the same X charge so they repel each other.
I think that hitting an electrode with electrons (based on its charge, negative or positive) would generate an electrical current because of the thermionic emission.
Thermionic emission - Wikipedia
Used in old vacuum tubes, they heat an electrode until electrons/ions are ripped from its surface and sent to another electrode, generating some energy.
When asking about the efficiency of thermionic emission, the efficiency of converting thermal energy into electron emission is taken into account, but assuming that you already have a beam of electrons hitting an electrode, what would be the efficiency of converting the kinetic energy of these electrons into electrical current?
I searched on google scholar and didn’t find any direct percentage (or I simply paid attention to it), but a lot of the results talked about how electrons can be repelled by the electrodes, not transmitting all of its energy.
But WebSearch-GPT said this:
“In thermionic energy converters, which utilize thermionic emission to generate electricity, the efficiency of converting thermal energy into electrical power is influenced by the temperature difference between the emitter and collector electrodes. For instance, a converter operating with an emitter at 1,800 K and a collector at 1,000 K can achieve a Carnot efficiency of approximately 44%.”
So, the colder the electron collector and/or the hotter (or just more efficient) the electron emission, the more efficient the system will be.
A few problems arise:
The faster the particles, the harder it will be to keep them confined into the magnetic trap.
The idea would be to have a lot of charged or neutral electrons rotating at lower speeds inside the magnetic trap, compensating the lack of kinetic energy with the amount of electrons.
But that also adds the problem that if there are too many electrons they will repel each other more strongly, requiring a stronger magnetic trap anyway.
… But I mean, why keep the electrons rotating if they can’t escape neither the electron trap nor the magnetic trap? Wouldn't it be better to keep the electrons floating in a bubble and then add the electrode, like a capacitor?
ChatGPT:
“In a hollow dielectric toroid/sphere with negatively charged inner electrodes and positively charged outer electrodes, electrons injected into the interior would experience a repulsive force from the negatively charged inner surface. This repulsion would tend to push the electrons toward the positively charged outer surface. However, the electrons would not be physically trapped inside the toroid/sphere solely due to this electrostatic repulsion. Without additional mechanisms, such as magnetic fields or specific electrode configurations, the electrons would not be confined and could escape the toroid.
What is electron trapping - Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange
In plasma confinement devices like the Polywell, magnetic fields are used to create a potential well that traps charged particles. In the Polywell, a combination of electric and magnetic fields is employed to confine electrons and ions within a central region, preventing them from escaping. This approach relies on the interaction between the charged particles and the electromagnetic fields to maintain confinement.
“The concept of using Polywell devices to store energy by trapping charged particles—such as electrons, ions, positrons, or protons—has not been extensively explored in existing research. While Polywell devices have demonstrated the ability to confine charged particles, their primary application has been in nuclear fusion research, aiming to achieve controlled fusion reactions. For example, the University of Sydney conducted studies on electron trapping within Polywell devices, focusing on fusion applications rather than energy storage.
Polywell Fusion An Almost There Cheap Clean Alternative Energy
In contrast, other types of charged particle traps, such as Penning traps and Paul traps, have been studied for their potential in energy storage. Penning traps utilize a combination of electric and magnetic fields to confine charged particles, and research has been conducted to explore their applications in various fields, including energy storage.
Penning and Paul traps are specialized devices used to confine charged particles for various scientific applications.
Penning Trap:
A Penning trap utilizes a combination of a homogeneous magnetic field and a quadrupole electric field to confine charged particles. This configuration allows for precise measurements of properties such as mass and magnetic moment. Penning traps are particularly advantageous for experiments requiring long storage times and high precision, making them valuable in fields like quantum computing and fundamental physics research.
Paul Trap:
A Paul trap, also known as a quadrupole ion trap, employs oscillating electric fields to confine charged particles. These traps are commonly used in mass spectrometry and ion storage applications. The dynamic electric fields create a potential well that can trap ions, allowing for their analysis and manipulation.
Quadrupole ion trap - Wikipedia
Energy Storage Capacity:
The energy storage capacity of both Penning and Paul traps depends on factors such as the strength of the magnetic and electric fields, the geometry of the trap, and the mass and charge of the particles being confined. For instance, in a Penning trap, the energy of a particle is related to its cyclotron frequency and the strength of the magnetic field. Similarly, in a Paul trap, the stability of ion confinement is influenced by the amplitude and frequency of the applied oscillating electric fields. However, specific energy storage values can vary widely based on the design and operational parameters of the trap.
Penning traps with unitary architecture for storage of highly charged ions | NIST
Penning Trap questions -- capacity, manufacturers, leakiness.... ”
(IUCr) Electron traps and energy storage: modeling a bright path to the future
Trapping Particles In a Beam of Light—The Optical Tweezers Experiment
Optical Tweezers and the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics - Sixty Symbols
Levitating DIAMONDS with a laser beam!! (demonstration of Nobel Prize in Physics 2018)
DIY Optical trap of glycerol droplet in air. Laser tweezers from DVD burner. - YouTube
DIY optical tweezers for glycerol or oil droplets in air with red and blue lasers.
An Introduction to Optical Trapping
OTKB Modular Optical Tweezers System Assembly
Optical trapping with red laser
Penning–Malmberg trap - Wikipedia
Antimatter Atoms Successfully Stored for the First Time | BNL Newsroom
Observation of the hyperfine spectrum of antihydrogen | Nature
[PDF] Quadrupole ion traps. | Semantic Scholar
(PDF) A researcher's guide to mass spectrometry‐based proteomics
What is an Ion Trap Quantum Computer?
Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer
Electron trap system | Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology OIST
Physics - New Electron Trap Might Help Quantum Computers
(PDF) A researcher's guide to mass spectrometry‐based proteomics
https://antimattergravity.com/category/antimatter/positrons/
(PDF) Efficient positron trapping and extraction with a centre-hole SiC remoderator
Compact Source of Positron Beams with Small Thermal Emittance
(PDF) Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy at LEPTA facility
https://radphys4.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/theses/master/Fujii-mthes.pdf
Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Micro-Penning-Malmberg Gold Plated Silicon Trap Arrays
Confinement of antihydrogen for 1,000 seconds | Nature Physics
Plasma manipulation techniques for positron storage in a multicell trap
So, that’s the idea of a hypothetical ultra energy dense high efficiency high discharge rate energy storage system.
… And since I couldn’t find any example/paper/article/research on such a thing, this idea probably wouldn’t work.
New generation of CRT Displays:
Sooo, I was wondering here if there was any modern instance of CRT displays (cathode-ray tubes) and it seems like literally all factories producing those are discontinued. lol
However, I was wondering how I would do that and I came up with an idea:
CRT displays normally have 3 electron guns, a single grid where the electrons are filtered into pixels and a glass layer with different types of phosphors that glows in different colors (red, green and blue).
So, the idea is to have multiple electron guns continuously shooting electrons at the screen instead of 1 for each color.
Then, instead of a grid of pixels and the phosphorus screen, there would be a single screen painted in something like vantablack (or black 2.0) mixed with a material that would glow in different colors based on the intensity of the beam.
Thus this would have no refresh rate, rendering the image in real time, with an absurd black background and almost limitless resolution, since the atoms would be glowing.
… Of course, if it was that easy someone would’ve already made one.
I made a fake CRT TV with a LASER (Maybe you don’t even need an electron guns since you could use a laser)
How making a L.A.S.E.R. vector display crushed my soul
So this makes it more viable to actually make.
Source: HITACHI fiber-scanning based near-eye display : r/AR_MR_XR
How to make an "infinity contrast" TV - with 100% recycled parts
Neuromorphological Biomimetic Computers:
Dunno if it is off-topic or not, but there is something called “the split brain experiment”.
The Surgery That Proved There Is No Free Will (video on the subject)
Essentially, it was noted that the brain is made of multiple “black boxes” that are semi-independent and focused on specific tasks. Such as speech, movement, creativity, vision etc.
So, I was wondering if you made something like that using Neural Network/Machine Learning/Deep Learning and made the same thing that happens to the brain.
How AI was Stolen This is an interesting video on explaining AI alone.
Transformers (how LLMs work) explained visually | DL5
Attention in transformers, visually explained | DL6
But what is a neural network? | Deep learning chapter 1
On top of that, I was also wondering if it would be possible to add an “approximation process” (observation + systematic approximation + executional approximation + observation + adaptation + repeat) feature to the Neural Network…
(It probably already works like that)
Most of the Machine Learning programs use the “brute force” approach: They use as much processing power as possible, while adding as much data base as possible and make it repeat the task as many times as possible in order to get better.
Maybe it would be more efficient and practical if it could: Observe how the task normally functions, systemize more or less the ideal way of doing such a thing (with calculations such as distance, speed etc) with an approximation, then make another approximation of how it would be executed, then observe how well it worked and finally repeat the process as few times as possible.
The human brain normally does all of these things at the same time over and over again (I think).
Of course, you would need to program proper parameters into this neural network so it makes a realistic and dynamic approximation process instead of calculating forever.
Not to mention the possibility of checking and re-programming itself in order to make the Neural Network more efficient in doing specific tasks.
And finally, I was wondering about the possibility of adding a fading memory to these re-programming processes and data-bank.
How Your Brain Chooses What to Remember
Hopfield network: How are memories stored in neural networks? [Nobel Prize in Physics 2024] #SoME2
We humans don’t record what we see, speak, hear and feel in a 1 to 1 ratio. The memory stored in our brains is fractured, imperfect and fades with time in order to give space to new experiences. And these older, fragmented experiences are somewhat roughly reconstructed with assumptions by your brain. Like predicting the empty spaces in a picture full of holes.
The same could be applied to Neural Networks, to the registry log of their own adaptations and reprogramming. Recording information as efficiently as possible using as little space as possible.
Also, I do wonder how one could make artificial intelligence feel emotions… Even though those are simply chemical stuff in the human brain.
Artificial empathy - Wikipedia
I asked to ChatGPT:
“So, if emotions, feelings, opinions and subjectiveness are all part of instincts in the human brain, then how do you add instincts to artificial intelligence?”
ChatGPT:
“Artificial intelligences (AIs) do not possess consciousness or innate instincts as humans do. However, researchers are exploring ways to emulate certain instinct-like behaviors in AI systems to enhance their functionality and adaptability.
Artificial Intuition:
One approach involves developing "artificial intuition," enabling AI to make rapid, experience-based decisions without explicit reasoning. This mimics human instinct by allowing AI to recognize patterns and make judgments in complex situations. For instance, AI can be trained to detect anomalies in data or respond to unforeseen challenges in real-time.
We are talking about Artificial Intuition that can mirror human instincts.
Behavioral Simulation:
Another method focuses on programming AI to simulate instinctual behaviors observed in humans and animals. By analyzing large datasets of human actions and reactions, AI can learn to replicate behaviors such as seeking resources, avoiding harm, or social interaction. This approach is particularly useful in robotics, where machines operate in dynamic environments requiring adaptive responses.
[2307.10690] Bridging Intelligence and Instinct: A New Control Paradigm for Autonomous Robots
Limitations and Considerations:
While these techniques enable AI to exhibit behaviors resembling human instincts, it's crucial to recognize that AI lacks consciousness and genuine subjective experiences. The "instincts" in AI are algorithmic responses derived from data analysis and pattern recognition, not innate drives or feelings. Additionally, the complexity of human instincts, shaped by evolutionary processes and biological imperatives,
Discussions
Become a Hackaday.io Member
Create an account to leave a comment. Already have an account? Log In.