The goal of this project is to provide an intuitive and mathematical understanding of the building blocks (differential pair, gain stages, and output stages) that define this cornerstone component of analog electronics.

📁 Repository Structure (The 4 Pillars)

To achieve comprehensive learning, the project is divided into four fundamental areas:

Design Theory (`/DOCS`): Technical documentation covering the history of the op-amp, analog design equations, and spreadsheets (Mathcad 14 / PDF) for discrete circuit calculations.

Simulation (`/SIM`): Ready-to-run test benches in LTspice. These allow you to analyze dynamic behavior, plot frequency response curves (Bode plots), and evaluate the impact of local and global negative feedback.

Open Hardware (`/PCB`): KiCad design files for the development board. By using discrete components, the user can perform direct measurements with probes on internal nodes that are normally inaccessible on a commercial chip.

*Laboratory and Validation (`/MED`): Real-world measurements captured on an oscilloscope to compare and validate theoretical results and simulations.

🛠️ Project Requirements

Software and Documentation
* PDF Reader
* KiCad (v6 or higher recommended)
* LTspice

Laboratory Instrumentation (Hardware)
* Symmetrical Power Supply (12V)
* Function/Signal Generator
* Oscilloscope (minimum 2 channels)
* Digital Multimeter and Test Leads

🚀 Recommended Workflow

1.Background: Explore the theoretical section and mathematical analyses in the `DOCS` folder.

2. Simulation: Run the `OPAMPDISCRETO` file in LTspice to virtually observe the circuit's response and configure the main analyses.

3. PCB Inspection: Open the schematic and layout in KiCad (`PCB`) to understand the routing and distribution criteria for the analog components.

4. Validation: Compare your physical measurements with the reference data included in the `MED` folder to close the learning cycle.