As FPGAs can have many things working in parallel and may not contain an embedded processor at all then special tools are used for debugging. Most FPGA vendors have "embedded instruments" that can be added to your design and that provide visibility into the hardware.
Xilinx - Chipscope, now Vivado Labtools (requires paid license)
Altera - SignalTap (free)
Lattice - Reveal (free)
Microsemi - need to figure out
There are some attempts for platform neutral or cross platform embeded instruments, Altium is/has tried this and opencores OpenRisc seems to have something too.
Sump LA can of course also be used for internal debug..
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HTTaP is something I try to design for this purpose :-)
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what is it?
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it's a TAP over HTTP, without any proprietary part. Easily accessible with JavaScript (or anything else) and the HW TAP part is in HDL so it still works in ASIC.
I'm developing it along the YASEP system and IDE ;-)
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