theory used

Communication Satellite Systems

Basic concepts

Orbit satellites

Connections satellite

Access to satellites

Satellite Segment

Ground segment

Satellite Series

applications

Fixed Communications (FSS Fixed Satellite Service)

Broadcasting (BSS Broadcasting Satellite Service)

Mobile Communications (MSS Mobile Satellite Service)

- Aeronautical - Maritime - Terrestrial

amateur radio

Navigation (location)

Earth observation and atmosphere

- Weather - Remote sensing

Use

business

private

Military

experimental

scientific

• Situação actual Satélites lançados e operacionais (Dezembro 2000) – 2 490 satélites lançados com sucesso no período de 1980-2000 – 570 satélites operacionais (mínimo estimado) Organizações responsáveis – lançamento de satélites de órbita alta URSS / CEI Molniya (1960), Proton (1967) EUA Atlas (1962), Titan (1965), Delta (1972), STS-Shuttle (1981) China Longa Marcha (1975) Europa Ariane (1979) Japão NASDA (1981) – operação de sistemas operadores específicos internacionais: Intelsat, Inmarsat, Eutelsat, Astra, Iridium operadores tradicionais de redes de telecomunicações – regulamentação organismos internacionais UIT-R (Sector de Radiocomunicações) organismos nacionais Portugal - Anacom tendências gerais: globalização privatizaçao.

Orbit satellites them

Types of orbits

GEO (Geosynchronous Earth Orbit): circular equatorial geosynchronous orbit

- Revolution period: 23 h 56 m 4.091 s

- Average altitude: 35,786 km

LEO (Low Earth Orbit): circular orbit of low altitude

- Typical altitude: 500 - 1500 km

- Revolution period 1h 30m - 2h

MEO (Medium Earth Orbit): circular orbit of average altitude

- Typical altitude: 10,400 km

- Revolution period of six hours

HEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit): strongly elliptical orbit

- Inclined elliptical orbit

- Lowland perigee

notable case: Molniya orbit

Perigee: 1,000 km alt. Apogee: 39,000 km alt.

period

theory used

theory used

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