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1Introduction
Hey, what's up, Guys! Akarsh here from CETech.
No Internet No Problem As LoRa is up to the rescue. LoRa is a Technology with the help of which we can easily transmit data to a range of kilometres without any Internet and today we are going to discuss a module named EdgeX from MatchX which works on the amazing LoRa Technology. The best part is that it is ML and AI-based and is very much suitable for the Transmission of Image and Video data over hundreds of kilometres that too without the Internet. So Let's get to the fun part now.
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3What Is LoRa?
LoRa (Long Range) is a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) protocol developed by Semtech. It is based on spread spectrum modulation techniques derived from chirp spread spectrum (CSS) technology.
LoRa uses license-free sub-gigahertz radio frequency bands like 433 MHz, 868 MHz (Europe), 915 MHz (Australia and North America), and 923 MHz (Asia). LoRa enables long-range transmissions (more than 10 km in rural areas) with low power consumption. The technology covers the physical layer, while other technologies and protocols such as LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) cover the upper layers.
LoRa devices have geolocation capabilities used for trilaterating positions of devices via timestamps from gateways. LoRa and LoRaWAN permit long-range connectivity for the Internet of things (IoT) devices in different types of industries.
The spread spectrum LoRa modulation is performed by representing each bit of payload information by multiple chirps of information. The rate at which the spread information is sent is referred to as the symbol rate, the ratio between the nominal symbol rate and chirp rate is the spreading factor (SF) and represents the number of symbols sent per bit of information. LoRa can trade-off data rates for sensitivity with a fixed channel bandwidth by selecting the amount of spread used (a selectable radio parameter from 7 to 12). Lower SF means more chirps are sent per second; hence, you can encode more data per second. Higher SF implies fewer chirps per second; hence, there are less data to encode per second. Compared to lower SF, sending the same amount of data with higher SF needs more transmission time, known as airtime. More airtime means that the modem is up and running longer and consuming more energy. The benefit of high SF is that more extended airtime gives the receiver more opportunities to sample the signal power which results in better sensitivity. In addition, LoRa uses forward error correction coding to improve resilience against interference. LoRa's high range is characterized by high wireless link budgets of around 155 dB to 170 dB
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4Advantages and Disadvantages of LoRa
Advantages:
1) Long Range: LoRa devices can transmit signals over distances from 1km — 10km.
2) Low Power: LoRa end nodes wake up only at a fixed time, which can extend battery life. End node batteries can last for 5-10 years.
3) Security: Data encryption using AES128 between end nodes and network servers/ Data encryption using AES128 at the application level.
4) Network Capability: Single LoRa gateway device is designed to take care of thousands of end devices or nodes and easy to extend network capability by increasing gateways. A LoRaWAN gateway capability is influenced by these factors:
• Tunnels: Different tunnels can receive data from end nodes simultaneously; the greater quantity of tunnels, the more end nodes a gateway can connect to.
• Data size and reporting interval: Large data size and reporting interval will reduce the end nodes that a gateway can connect to.
• ADR (Adaptive Data Rate): The distance between end nodes and gateways is closer, the data rate is higher, which can save the bandwidth of gateways.
5) Low Cost: Work in free frequencies and no upfront licensing cost to use the technology.
6) Easy Deployment: Simple network architecture and easy to deploy by yourself.
Disadvantages:
1) Not for large data transmission.
2) Not for continuous monitoring.
3) Wake up only at a fixed time, so you can’t communicate with end nodes at any time.
4) The transmission rate is slow and easy to get interference because of using free frequencies.
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5About EdgeX AI Module
EdgeX is a module that works on LoRaWAN technology due to which it is capable of transferring data to hundreds of kilometres without using any Internet. But the thing that makes EdgeX module special is that it can be used to easily transfer image, video and, audio data as well which is not possible in the conventional LoRa modules as they have limited bandwidth. It has a pre-installed good quality camera similar to the ESP32 camera which is capable of capturing images of its surroundings which can be seen on the LCD attached with the module. It also has a Mic installed to get audio input and perform audio analysis as well.
EdgeX module is AI-powered and uses Neural Network Accelerator to process images and video data, extract relevant data from that which is sufficient for the transfer of data, and its recreation at the receiver end and then send the relevant data to the cloud for transferring it to the receiver. This Neural Network Accelerator is the heart of our EdgeX AI module as all the processing of image and video data such as flattening, pooling, and all other relevant processes are done by this part only.
Being ML and AI-powered this module can easily perform tasks such as object detection which generally requires good processing power to work in real-time. For eg - It can be used to get the registration number of a car from its number plate. To do that the module captures an image of the car's number plate it processes the image on the Neural Network Accelerator, extracts the number, and sends that data only.
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6Structure of EdgeX Module
The Module's basic structure contains the following divisions it is also shown in the Block diagram above:-
1) Input Devices:-
EdgeX AI Module can accept two types of Inputs Audio and Video because it has a pre-installed Camera and a microphone as well.
2) Neural Network Accelerator:-
It is the brain of the EdgeX module as all the processing such as audio analysis, Video Analysis, Image Analysis, and sending the data to the cloud.
3) LCD Display:-
It comes with a 3 inch LCD on which we can see the things that are in front of the camera or the images that are captured by the camera.
4) LoRa:-
In the end, it has the LoRa module which is used to transfer the processed data to the cloud and receive the data if it is at the receiving end.
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7Technical Specifications of EdgeX AI Module
Weight: 0.25 kg
Operating System: FreeRTOS / Bare metal
Protocol: LoRa, (G)FSK, LoRaWAN compatible
CPU: Kendryte K210 400MHz RISC-V
Memory: 8MB RAM, 128MB Flash, SD card extensible
Features: AI acceleration module, LCD and Camera controller, I2S, I2C, UART, SPI, SD-card, secure authentication
Do let us know in the comments if you're interested in looking at projects built using this module!
Discussions
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After more digging I searched for "software defined" "lora" to find that the Edge is a software defined radio method. There are a LOT of really specific LoRa experimenters and ideas when you search that combination.
https://www.google.com/search?q=%22software+defined%22+%22lora%22
And I find there is a Hackaday LoRa project already called BUILDING A LORA PHY WITH SDR by Brian Benchoff
https://hackaday.com/2016/11/18/building-a-lora-phy-with-sdr/
When I search Hackaday,io for Lora, there are thousands of mentions. Another of those active communities that you do not know about until you have reason to look. But they are not working together as a whole. Not the group just on Hackaday.io, but globally.
site:hackaday,io "lora" gives 4,360 entry points on hackaday,io
Globally there are hundreds of thousands working on facets of this topic.
Richard Collins, Director, The Internet Foundation
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Here is the link to the Wikipedia article -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa
The big red flag is "proprietary spread spectrum modulation" so better to go broader to Chirp Spread Spectrum at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirp_spread_spectrum
The key components are the chirp transmitter and chirp detector. Those are the packets that get sent. Rather than simplistic sine waves that are ambiguous, the signals have several parameters to play with. Random very short spikes should also work. So you can design your own.
You might want to look more closely at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_reversibility where a signal at the receiver is inverted and retransmitted. This is a positive feedback method to build and sustain a channel between two distant sites. This is an old method. I first read about it 50 years ago. Two receiver-transmitters characterized and strengthen the channel between them, so they could use lower power, and not have to guess.
Also the software defined radio part of global radio networks routinely send signals much farther, by sending pre-arranged signals. Knowing the precise time and pattern is a large part of long distance and low power methods. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined_radio
I want to use this for gravitational imaging arrays. I have been looking at multi-channel global arrays to gather enough data to get unambiguous correlations. Patterned signals are much easier than naturally occurring signals. I suppose you are familiar with https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar. The pulsar timing array can be thought of as a "single frequency array" approach - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array
For gravitational imaging arrays, a key part is three axis detectors, so each can add data about the direction of the source. High sampling rates constrains the timing of the signals. And FFT and wavelet and chirp detection allows for characterizing the fine spatial and temporal patterns that are intrinsic to the source. If you think of the pulsar signals, it is the tiny faster and slower variations that are unique to each source. It is NOT random, just complex. Enough memory and patience and it can be learned. The AI methods do it by brute force. It is mainly a process of learning, storing, then predicting the patterns of the signal source and channel pathways.
Thanks for point out these low cost tools. You should be able to adapt them to optical channels without too much difficulty
Richard Collins, Director, The Internet Foundation
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This is very interesting. I would like to know more about the receiver and geolocation features, and the programming environment, and the costs.
Can the receiver sensitivity be increased? Does it have programmable gain by channel?
If you want people to create projects based on this, give them links and information. It may take time for a community to grow. First everyone has to have the core information down in an easy-to-understand and apply form. Don't leave any specialized word or source ambiguous.
Start by putting Long Range Low Power (LoRa LP) right up front in your title. Don't assume people have heard about it. Invite collaboration, don't create minor secrets and mysteries that just get in the way.
Almost all the AI methods derive from basic statistics and correlation and fitting algorithms that are much faster to implement. Rather than using floating point methods, you should be able to substitute many digital and nonparametric methods. This is crude, but you can say that "finite automata methods" precedes "Markov chains".
I expect all the functions can by synthesized with software defined radios. For specific environments the channel could be pre-scanned and then the appropriate hardware fabricated. Model, optimize, fabricate.
Richard Collins, The Internet Foundation
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I am interested in seeing projects built with this module!!!
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