Yeahhhhh, I did say I'm not great at documentation. 

But before I completely forget, here is a quick run down of things I found during building the Lisa. 

1) On the CPU board by Warmech, there is a capacitor at C43. On an original Lisa, this was a capacitor that bridged over U5C. This capacitor is a 47pf ceramic through hole capacitor. 

2) For some insane reason the keyboard interface needs a 3.3K pull *down* resistor, despite already having a 3.3K pull *up* resistor. I'm at a complete loss as to why this is needed, but alas it is needed. The keyboard interface only partially works if the 3.3K resistor pulling it to ground is missing.

3) Most 74S logic can be replaced with 74F logic - F logic is a lot easier to find, and a lot cheaper than S logic. I avoided HC and HCT logic like the plague - so use the wrong family as sparingly!

4) The 6309 PROMs can be replaced with 82S135 PROMs, or 82S147s - so long as you tell the programmer to treat the 82S147 like a 82S135! Alternatively, a W27C512 to 6309 adapter can be made, and has been proven to work. https://mastodon.social/@paulrickards/110984487600913906

5) gerbers for a 2mb ram card now exist! This has been built and tested in the clone - the Apple Lisa is now 100% not from Apple! It's also worth noting that there is a slight issue with the silkscreen - R1 and R2 are 33 ohm resistors. The resistor network at RP3-RP7 are 33 ohms, and are ISOLATED. I made a mistake and used bussed resistors, which didn't work at all. This is also a bit touchy about which TTL families are used, so definitely use the suggest 74S and 74LS ICs on the 2mb card.

Also the only RAM sticks that work are 256kb parity (either 9 or 3 chip sticks) at 12ns or quicker. 80ns will work, but then it'll crash after a few minutes. You sadly can't get away with loading two 1mb sticks in memory bank 1. 

6) The ArduinoFile (profile emulator) has been tweaked/improved. The arduinofile now no longer errors out with a timeout issue, and has proven to be pretty damn reliable. It should also work in a Lisa 2/10 which has a quicker hard drive interface.

7) The Lisa LITE is only needed for 400K floppy drives. The LITE only generates a PWM signal from two other signals. The Floppy Emu and 800K drives (which can be used in place of a 400k drive - try it in your Macintosh 128/512k!) do not need this signal. Therefore a passive adapter can be used instead.

8) There is now a python script to split out a ArduinoFile Image so it can be mounted under Mini vMac. It can then recompile the drive image for the ArduinoFile. This makes copying Macintosh Files incredibly easy now:

https://github.com/RolandJuno/Lisa-ProFile-Image-Tools

It's a little bit funky, but it's incredibly effective.  

9) A full Lisa can now be built from "only" 5 major boards (six including the COP adapter, seven including the external arduinofile):

COP Adapter Gerbers (bottom of the page):

http://john.ccac.rwth-aachen.de:8000/patrick/COPSreader.htm

CPU and RAM Card Gerbers:

https://github.com/warmech/lisa-hardware

Motherboard and IO Card Gerbers:

https://github.com/alexthecat123/Lisa-PCBs

ArduinoFile Gerbers:

https://github.com/alexthecat123/ArduinoFile

Front Panel PSU/Power Switch/Keyboard Interface:

https://github.com/RolandJuno/Lisa_Breakout

(Note to self, get these on the Internet Archive with the ROMs.)

My gosh, this is going to be a short project log. Who would of thought it?

So with the realisation that the majority of the work had been done, the project was slightly condensed down to: 

Designs from Alex:

• IO Board (with COP adapter)
• Motherboard 
• Profile Emulator 

Designs from Warmech:

• CPU Board (with Custom Oscillator)
• ATX Power Supply

Parts I already had available:

• BMOW Floppy Emu
• Macintosh M0110A Keyboard
• Macintosh M0100 Mouse
• Matsushita multi sync monitor (the fact that it was multi sync is annoyingly important later)

Other Purchased parts:

• Macintosh Keyboard to Lisa Adapter
• Apple Lisa 512k RAM Card (SunRem 2mb cards were unavailable) 
• RCA to BNC video cable 

What I needed to build from Scratch:

• Lisa Power Supply to Motherboard Cable Harness
• Keyboard/Floppy Drive/Power Button Interface to Motherboard Adapter
• Composite to RGB Cable (design from Compu85)

Really, the entire project just boiled down to build a Motherboard, Power Supply, IO board and CPU board and some cable harnesses - then plug it all together. 

Simple!

From that, the following five boards were ordered from JLCPCB:

• Motherboard
• IO Board
• CPU Board
• COPS Adapter Board
• ATX Power Supply Board  

At a grand total of £190 in total for 25 boards shipped (minimum quantity of 5 each), it could be suggested that the boards came to a total of £8 per bare board. Extrapolating that out, a full Lisa would only cost about £48 for the core six blank boards!

Unfortunately, the RAM card wasn't as cheap at a cost of £75 (including shipping).

With all the boards on order, the Lisa project was fully underway.

This is definitely the "12 pages of waffle no one reads before the recipe", but I feel it gives much needed context to the origins - the primordial soup - of this project. 

So really, what even drove me to build my own Lisa? 

Two things really. The first is that I have basically accumulated every single hardware iteration of compact Macintosh that Apple had produced. My earliest is a 128K Macintosh that was built in the fifth week of 1984 (one week after the Macintosh was even launched!), with the latest being a Performa 200 from 1992 (the last black and white Macintosh Apple produced - it was just a rebadged Classic ii after all). 

From that, I had an obvious gap in my collection - a Lisa. 

In fact, I missed out on a Lisa before I even got into collecting Macintoshes. In about 2019 I  found someone selling one, with a starting bid of only £30. I messaged the seller directly asking if they would accept an offer of £80. They declined, saying they would prefer to wait until the end of the auction.

The next day they had cancelled the auction and sold it to someone for £100. Their response was that the "other seller offered more". 

No comment is necessary, as I am certain you can probably get the gist of my feelings that I managed to miss out on a Lisa by £20.

The next time I saw one for sale was for 2K in 2022, which for a badly paid engineer in their 20s was pretty much unattainable. Which really is the main reason for building a Lisa instead of buying one. They are incredibly expensive at the moment, a decent condition Lisa will sell for anywhere from £2K to £5K, basically a significant dent in my savings. I need to do a proper tally, but all told the Lisa has cost me about £500 in parts. Half of which was just the bare PCBs! 

I had also - since at least the global event which we do not speak of - had a bit of an interest in building my own computers from scratch. I had already built a few RC2014 Z80 based computers, and I was considering building my own from scratch - but my main concern was getting it to do something useful. 

I feel that the main death of a homebrew computer is that the person making it will always put the majority of their energy and effort into designing the hardware of the thing, before inevitably putting considerably less effort into the software. Most projects usually end in "I then got a monitor program running, so I considered it a working computer and left it to rust on a shelf for the next 20 years".  

As such, I was adamant that any computer I build must have a good software library present. 

Therefore I was set on building a clone of an existing computer - a computer from Apple no less, with a full 68000 and GUI.

I was set on building a Macintosh. 

Wait. What?

The Red Herring

Yep. A Macintosh. I had found badly scanned schematics online, and I was fairly confident that the "Jecel" Unitron/Merlin PAL equations could be used. 

Unfortunately, that proved to be the undoing of the entire project. It seems that once every five years of so, someone will find the badly drawn schematics of the Macintosh 128/512 and go "ah that doesn't look complicated!" And tries to build a clone of the Macintosh from scratch. Unfortunately it isn't that simple. 

The Trouble With Trib- Cloning A Macintosh

You see, a good chunk of the Macintosh is implemented in "Programmable Array Logic" - sort of like the great grandfather of CPLDs and FPGAs, they're generic logic that can be recombined internally by blowing fuses - like in Programmable ROMs. Sadly, it is borderline impossible to figure out how the internal fuses are arranged, once the security bit is blown. 

This is because there are two types of PALs - combinational and registered. Combinational can be relatively easily decoded by just running through every combination of input possible once, and checking the output. As they usually only have 8 inputs and 8 outputs, you only have to figure out the logic of 256 combinations. 

The Mac has two of these PALs.

The problem is with the registered PALs. 

These, as you might have guessed, have registers on every single output pin, which means that the output of each pin can be saved for later, and can also be fed back to the internal network. You're now no longer just checking 256 combinations - you're now checking 256 combination which are affected by the previous 256 combinations. I probably haven't explained that well, as that sounds like it's still fairly easy to decode. 

To put the issue in layman's terms - it's like trying to diffuse a bomb, with a single toothpick, whilst hanging upside down from the Bristol Suspension Bridge, as a marching band passes overhead, during a gale, whilst drunk. 

I didn't really have high odds of decoding them, especially as I didn't even have a set of Macintoshes PALs that weren't in a Macintosh to play with. 

So that idea got shelved. 

However, the B plan came into action. 

Starting the Lisa Clone Project

Whilst mildly bored on a tram, I was thinking about this conundrum. I couldn't build a Macintosh, but what about the Lisa? It was developed a few years before the Macintosh, and whilst the Apple ii was still the hottest computer on the market. The Apple ii didn't use PALs, or at least any custom logic until the iie. 

Was there a chance that the Lisa didn't have any custom parts? 

Well, as it turned out, it didn't. 

The Initial Schematic Check

I had a copy of the Lisa 2/5 schematics for whatever reason already, possibly from the ill fated Macintosh project, and began to check for anything that could be an issue reproducing. The first board I checked was the IO board, where I found:

• A boat load of TTL ICs
• A 6504 CPU (basically a compact 6502)
• A single EPROM
• Some SRAM for the what is now clearly an entire sub computer on the IO board
• A COP microcontroller - that caused me some concern.
• A boat load of passive components.
• And a single Apple branded IC. 

The COP concerned me, as that seemed to be a custom, or at least semi custom part, as it can only be programmed at the factory - owing to the use of a "mask" ROM. However, five minutes of googling revealed that there is in fact a drop in replacement for that very COP. 

Additionally, that single Apple branded IC turned out to be something quite surprising. I had feared - like the COP - that it was in actual fact a custom IC that I had no chance of cloning. Thankfully I was wrong. Turns out it's just a simple 256 byte PROM. 

At this point, it was slowly dawning on me that it was possible to clone the entire thing. There wasn't anything on the IO board that couldn't be replicated. 

I continued on with the checks with the CPU board, revealing: 

• More TTL 
• A 68000 CPU (obviously)
• More EPROMs
• Yet another Apple branded IC that turned out to be a PROM. 
• A pile of passives 
• And a crystal resonator with a weird frequency. 

The crystal resonator was again something that made me worry - it generates a frequency of 20.37504mhz exactly. Unfortunately, according to google anyway, the only system that ever used a frequency of 20.37504mhz was... the Lisa. 

Thankfully I was quickly made aware of something quite useful - One Time Programmable oscillators. 

These things do what they say on the tin, you program them either by requesting the seller/manufacturer, or by using a microcontroller if it has external interfaces to do so. 

I opted to go with the first option, as I had found Centurion Tech - a seller who can provide a handy service of producing custom oscillators from a simple online form. £20 later, and the first component of the Lisa had arrived. 

According to my emails, that part was shipped on the 1st of March 2023, by August 2023 the Lisa is fully working - so in terms of time scale, it only took me about 5 months to get a Lisa in a mostly usable state. 

Realising the impossible was possible.

The final few checks were around the motherboard - as expected just a few connectors and relatively basic glue circuitry, as well as a solution to a problem I had been concerned about - turns out the Lisa motherboard has an RCA jack for composite video out. 

Additionally, I was already aware that the Lisa used the same mouse interface that was present on the Macintosh, and there were Macintosh to Lisa keyboard adapters.

I also knew the Lisa used the same 3.5" floppy drive as the Macintosh, which I had a few spare.

Additionally, aware that solid state Profile hard drive emulators existed - specifically the X/Profile from Sigma Seven. 

At the time, the RAM board was not a concern, as VintageMicros had some bare PCBs for the 2mb RAM card made by Sun Remarketing. This would mean I would just need to populate my own RAM Board, and finally use up some of the 256kb RAM Sticks I had lying around,

Conclusion from the initial investigation

So from my initial investigation, I had identified the only two custom parts on the Lisa - the CPU oscillator and the COPs Microcontroller, which also had relatively simple workarounds. 

The rest of the components were just off the shelf ICs and passives, with a few ROMs that needed to be burnt. At that moment, the biggest challenge I faced was generating the schematics in a modern CAD package, before generating the boards themselves. In the interests of time, I believed that the quickest method would be to just generate the CPU board, IO board, as well as a modified motherboard with an onboard ATX power supply adapter. 

I was expecting that part of the project to take months, possibly even years. 
Turns out it was even quicker than that.
Turns out I had successfully avoided technical debt because nearly everything I had planned to do had already been done. 

What?? 

So... what have I managed to achieve here?

Let's begin with a quick bit of history. 

As most people are aware, the Macintosh has been a series of computers that Apple has been selling since 1984 through to today. Originally, these had a really cute design - a small beige box, with a built in 9" Black and White CRT, with a solitary floppy drive as your only boot medium, running one of (but not the first by any stretch of the imagination) Graphical User Interfaces available to the public. 

Inevitably progressed marched on, and features were added or evolved into the final flat slab of an iMac that we have today - obviously with some families of Macintosh deviating and evolving on their own, to create some fascinating examples such as the G4 cube, Xserves, 2013 "trash can" Mac Pro - including the ill fated and frankly weird Twentieth Anniversary Mac. 

But what exactly came before? 

Somewhere after the Apple ii (a series of cute 8 bit computers with a single logic board built into a keyboard) and before the Macintosh - whilst completely ignoring the Apple iii, because that was its own strange kettle of fish that was taking place at the same time - there was the Lisa.

The Lisa itself is similar in form factor to the Macintosh, with a similar concept. It used the same 680000 processor, integrated floppy drives, with a 12" Black and White CRT, running a very early Graphical User Interface (still not the first, as that was developed by Xerox, despite what some die hard apple fans will tell you). However, the Lisa is a very different beast to the Macintosh. 

As you may of noticed, our expensive Fruit based computer of choice is the Apple Mac instead of the Apple Lisa. You may also of figured that the reason for this, is because the Lisa was a bit of an absolute flop. So much so that quite a few of the stock ended up in a landfill.

Mainly due to the high initial cost - it launched at retail for $9,995 in 1983, whilst the Mac launched at $2,495 in 1984 - brought on by the sheer complexity of the Lisa. 

The "core" of the Lisa consists of four main boards. The CPU board which handles the CPU, ROMs, MMU (!), and the video generation. The IO Board handles the main peripherals like the floppy drive, keyboard, mouse, soft power, hard drive interface - all driven by a literal 6502, just to handle the peripherals. The ram boards (usually two for a total of 1mb) consists of at least 72 individual RAM ICs for 512k of RAM Plus Parity. Whilst the motherboard was a simple-ish backplane consisting of the card edge connectors and the connectors. 

Compare this to the single logic board of the Macintosh, and you start to see the over engineering that went into the Lisa. 

Despite being somewhat of a flop - Apple still managed to produce three distinct variants of the Lisa. The Lisa 1, Lisa 2/5 and the Lisa 2/10. 

The Lisa 1

The hardware of the Lisa remained more or less similar throughout its production, however, the Lisa 1 is the most distinctive of the three - as it contains two 5.25 Fileware drives, that were also referred to as the "Twiggy" drives. 

These disks held a fairly impressive for the time 851kb of data each, and were developed for the Lisa as well as Apple iii. In fact, some of the early Macintosh Prototypes that were given to developers used Twiggy drives as well!

The Lisa 1 is also able to use an external 5mb hard drive known as the "Profile", that was able to connect to the Lisa via the external parallel port connection. 

The Lisa 2/5

Unfortunately, the Twiggy drives were notoriously unreliable. As such, the following iteration of the Lisa - the Lisa 2/5 - used the exact same 3.5" Sony drive that was being developed for use on the Macintosh 128K. 

Realistically, the use of the 400K drive instead of the Twiggy drives was the only major hardware change from the Lisa 1 to the Lisa 2/5. The core four boards remained effectively the same, except for updated ROMs to use this new 400K drive. 

The only added part of hardware to get the Sony 400K drives to work in the Lisa was an adapter called the "Lisa LITE" - which simply adapter the 24 way Twiggy connector to the 20 way Sony connector, whilst also generating a PWM signal for the rotational speed of the floppy drive. 

Therefore, to upgrade a Lisa 1 to a Lisa 2/5, you just needed to swap a ROM, remove the old twiggy drives, add a new adapter and the floppy drive, then put a new face plate on the front, and then you were done. In fact, this is the fate of a fair few Lisa 1s, they were upgraded officially by Apple to a Lisa 2.

This is a practise that Apple had done before when upgrading Apple iis to Apple ii+s, as well as later on when Apple offered to upgrade existing Macintosh 128Ks and 512Ks to Macintosh Plusses. 

An interesting detail to note is that the "5" to note in Lisa 2/5 does not refer to the RAM available in the system, but more interestingly to the capacity of the hard drive - specifically the 5mb Profile!

Something else to consider as a collector, is that if the Lisa is a 2/5 or a Lisa 1, is that the IO board contains one hell of a battery bomb - it's more akin to a battery Hydrogen bomb. It is literally Four AA Batteries Strapped To The Bottom Right Of The IO Board. When these go off, they can take out the IO board, the motherboard, and in some rare cases the CPU and RAM boards. Be careful and don't forget TO TAKE THE DAMN BATTERIES OUT.

The Lisa 2/10

The final iteration of the Lisa 2/10 was the only version of the Lisa hardware that resulted in some redesigns of some of the PCBAs. 

The main difference between the preceding Lisa 2/5 and the Lisa 2/10 is that both the floppy drive and the hard drive were upgraded. The floppy drive was upgraded to an 800K double sided drive, that does not use the PWM pin - meaning no Lisa LITE is required. The external 5mb hard drive was upgraded to a 10mb internal hard drive known as the "widget", hence the name 2/10.

As such, the presence of the widget, and the removal of the Twiggy drive interface, resulted in the motherboard being slightly redesigned. The external parallel port was rerouted internally, and the connector for the floppy drive was reworked. There was also an interrupt key added to the rear of the system. Additionally, the Lisa 2/10 IO board is prized by collectors for one key feature - the batteries were removed. As such, a Lisa 2/10 does not have the same battery leakage issues as the Lisa 2/5. 

The IO board, potentially just as a cost saving, does also contain a new custom IC. This is the IWM or "Integrated Woz Machine", which is used to control the floppy drive. This IC was first used - as far as I can tell - on the Macintosh, and effectively combined the functions of the Apple ii floppy controller into a single IC, with some extra status registers. 

It must also be noted that the IWM was not added just because the 800K drive was being used, as a Lisa 2/5 (with the right ROM) can drive an 800K floppy drive just fine with its Apple ii inspired floppy controller. 

As such, a 2/10 can be identified either by the missing parallel port on the back, or the presence of the IWM on the top left of the IO board. It can also be identified by the fact that the batteries have not left the system a corroded husk of plastic and sadness.

The Lisa 2/10 - as you can probably tell by its increasingly Mac-Like technology - was also released by Apple as the Macintosh XL. It was the first Macintosh with an impressive 1mb of RAM and internal 10mb hard drive back in 1985. This was possible, as there was a software shim that effectively loaded the 64K ROMs found in the Macintosh 128K and 512K into RAM known as MacWorks. Aside from the inclusion of MacWorks (and potentially the "square pixel mod" that was a trio of ROMs and a cable harness for the CRT, that turned the rectangular pixels on the Lisa, well, square), the Macintosh XL is fundamentally identical to the Macintosh 2/10.

So what did I manage to build?

Quite simply, the machine I have replicated is effectively a Macintosh 2/5, this is due to two main reasons. 

The first, is that although I would love to build a Lisa 1 -  unfortunately, the Sony 400K and 800K drives are much more available than the original Twiggy drives. There is someone who is in the process of making replicas of the Twiggy drives, but they will undoubtedly go for more than what I can afford.

Additionally, the Fileware disks themselves are not standard 5.25" disks, and original Fileware disks can go for over £100, not to mention shipping. 

There is also the simple problem of not owning any other Twiggy capable machines - so I would have no way of even booting the Machine if I did somehow find some Twiggy drives. 

The second major reason is that the Lisa 2/10 contains the IWM, which is a custom Apple part. It is important to know that within the Apple Lisa 2/5, there are only two Apple custom parts, both of which can be replaced easily. You can build an Apple Lisa from scratch. 

There is some inspiration from the 2/10 within this new Apple Lisa though - there are no batteries within the IO board, as I did not want to run the risk of finding a battery explosion many years later. Additionally, to avoid building a Lisa LITE, a specific ROM from Sun Remarketing (I'll get to them later) was used to allow for 800K drives to be used in this system.

How was I able to build an Apple Lisa?

Strangely enough, how I was able to build the Lisa is directly tied to the fact that the Lisa has an incredibly leaky battery. 

The CPU board, IO board, Motherboard and Power Supply were already reverse engineered and proven to work by two frankly incredible people - Alex and Warmech. 

Somehow, at roughly the same time, we had all had the same idea to reverse engineer boards for the Lisa. Whilst work and life (and lets be honest, my atrocious mental health) got in the way for me, both of these incredible people were able to design the schematics in CAD, send off the boards for manufacture, build them, and THEN even complete a few design iterations before I even got around to starting the schematic. Hats off to both of them, this project probably would never of been able to get done without them.

(seriously you should of seen my face when I announced on social media I was planning on building a Lisa from scratch, only to be told that two people have already done 90% of the design work for me).

Alex was able to produce brand new designs for the IO board and the Motherboard from schematics (see their work here), whilst Warmech produced a new CPU board and PSU (see here).

As such, all I had to do was:

1. Work around the two custom parts - these being the main system oscillator that has a very specific frequency, and the COP Microcontroller on the IO board (it used an internal Mask ROM instead of an external ROM, so it is technically the only truly Apple specific part on the board)
2. Figure out how to program the two 256 byte Programmable ROMs (Not EPROMs, PROMs!) that are used in the Video generator circuit and the floppy controller circuit as finite state machines.
3. Build the CPU board, IO board, PSU and Motherboard. Whilst sourcing the slightly hard to find NOS components
4. Purchase an original Apple RAM board (the only original part here) and repair it using the Apple Lisa Service mode. Then repair it again after someone tried to kill it. 
5. Build a cable harness with a speaker to go from the Power Supply to the Motherboard.
6. Build an interface for the keyboard, power button and floppy connector. Also get a keyboard inteface
7. Make sure that I have a monitor that can actually sync to the weird Apple Lisa video frequency. Also make sure that my M0110A keyboard and M0100 mouse still work.
8. Debug the entire thing to figure out why it's not working. Three times over.
9. Try not to set fire to my house
10. Keep my sanity whilst doing this 

Okay, maybe I did a fair bit of work. 

In the next post I'll be explaining precisely *why* I built a Lisa clone, as well as the few workarounds that were needed to make sure that this Lisa can be build from scratch. 

I have always been a bit terrible at writing essays. This is a trait of mine that has followed me through my History A level in sixth form, through report writing during my Robotics degree, and now onto writing Technical Descriptions for personal and work projects. 

As such, I try to avoid writing paragraphs of text - as inevitably they become a grammatical and spelling mistake laden minefield that even spellchecker gives up in anger, mysterious punctuation straight out of "a pickle for the knowing ones" , unintelligible sentences that wouldn't go amiss in Vogon poetry, as well as explanations for technical concepts that could only possibly be brought on by a fascinating combination of sleep deprivation, a mild caffeine overdose, and my own brains attempt at throwing any sort of sentence out just so the bloody thing gets done.  

As such, before my entire writing dissolves into some sort of grey gunge that you wouldn't particularly want to get on your shoes. I would like to give thanks to the following people: 

To Alex and Will (AlexTheCat123, Warmech). Thank you so much for letting me use your board designs within this project. Without them this project would never have been completed so quickly, if at all. 

Additionally, special thanks must go to Alex. Without your tireless support and feedback, I would never have been able to figure out some of the stranger problems I encountered. You are the Wozniak to my Jobs!

Spencer of RC2014 - thank you so much for the head start in ICs, and for letting me borrow your EPROM eraser, don't worry I haven't forgotten I still have it...

Thanks must also be given to John of Vintage Micros for the 512K Ram card. That saved me from soldering over 95 more ICs for this project.

Binary Dinosaurs - thank you for giving me a helping hand with some of the checks! 

Compu85 - your information and resources were invaluable within this project. Thanks for answering some of my dumber questions when I asked them!

Riley, thank you for believing in this dumb project. I think we both are amazed this thing even works. 

Bill, without inheriting your stubbornness and attention to detail, this thing would never of been built - let alone work. We're all going to miss you so much, Rest In Peace. 

To all of my friends and family, thank you so much for coming along on this journey - it was a hell of a ride and I think we can all agree it's a near miracle that this thing even works as well as it does. I'm really sorry if I have missed anyone - I appreciate everybody who has helped me with this project. This has been the craziest and most ambitious project I have ever attempted. 

Thank you all.

Now. I thoroughly suggest those reading about this project to grab a nice warm drink and get comfy. 

We have a lot of information to cover.