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The (Original) 1Hz Challenge

Build a working Graham escapement mechanism with PLA printed wheel and armature and minimal investment of time, money, and effort.

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The 1Hz challenge provided a perfect excuse for me to toy with something that has fascinated me since I was a kid: mechanical clock escapement mechanisms. They typically advance (tick) at 1Hz driven by a pendulum with a 0.5Hz period.

It's hard to justify a deep dive into 17th century tech, though, so my goal here was to:

  1. create a working escapement mechanism (pendulum-based, weight-driven)
  2. using 3D printed parts of my own design (not copied from Thingiverse)
  3. and a handful of other machine parts I already had on hand
  4. with minimal investment of time, effort and expense!

Notice I said a working escapement mechanism, not clock! Arguably, most of the interesting physics is in the escapement. The rest is "just" drive train to reduce the seconds measured by the escapement to minutes and hours and indicate them with some hands. Yes, yes, gears are also an interesting rabbit hole, but it's really the escapement I'm interested in. We have 555's, xtals, cesium and LEDs for clocks, at least until the next direct hit by a CME happens. 

I was really just curious how hard is this? In particular, how finicky is the mechanism with respect to both design and implementation.

  1. Could I make some good guesses about geometries and dimensions, and
  2. do printed PLA parts have any hope of tick-tocking?

Of course, I know others have already done 3D printed clocks (whole clocks much more impressive than this feeble attempt), so #2 should perhaps be "how fast and loose can you be with PLA parts and still achieve tick-tocking?"

Results

And the answers are...yes and yes! I achieved approximately 1Hz tick-tocks for 1 minute, my test benchmark. In spite of burs on some of the teeth where my FlashForge tried (and failed) to achieve needle-sharp tips and almost no post-print-processing, it worked. ...or rather my 2nd armature worked with my first escapement wheel.

A slightly more verbose  write-up can (eventually) be found here.

CAD files and some other notes here.

Future?

It's complete in so far as  I answered my questions, but two things might motivate its continuation.

First, I intended to incorporate some 21st century tech. I was going to make the pendulum's bob self-tuning by using an ESP32-C3 monitoring an LIS3DH to measure the pendulum's deviation from 1Hz and drive a micro servo to adjust the vertical position of a weight to (maybe) achieve precise 1Hz ticks. The electronics were to be mounted in the bob, and that would've been ridiculous! Alas, I ran out of time for that, but maybe, dear Judge, this still qualifies for the ridiculous category since I've coupled high-precision machine parts to 3D printed PLA. I'm just saying...

Second, the escapement is a veritable physics (mechanics) playground. I can imagine this being dusted off in the future as a platform for some genuine experimentation in the context of a kid's science fair project.

Happy side effects

This project motivated me to learn Asymptote, a technical drawing language ideal for programmatically producing mathematical and especially geometric diagrams (rather like but different from OpenSCAD). This is perhaps the happiest result of this project. I can't recommend Asymptote highly enough.

proof.mp4

Obviously, in 2025 even video proves nothing, but here is the closest I can come to proof it worked!

MPEG-4 Video - 47.32 MB - 08/16/2025 at 18:50

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  • 8 × 10mm M3 screws
  • 8 × 12mm M3 screws
  • 4 × 16mm M3 screws
  • 20 × nuts and washers for the preceding
  • 2 × 8mm shafts

View all 15 components

  • The Pendulum

    rkramer • 08/17/2025 at 17:29 • 0 comments

    There's not much mystery to the pendulum's design.
    To keep the pendulum's performance harmonic 2⁰-4⁰ of displacement is typical. And a 1m pendulum length yields 2 π sqrt(L/g) ≈ 2s period.

  • Success

    rkramer • 08/17/2025 at 03:34 • 0 comments

    My first armature was an abject failure because the impulse faces (7mm) were too big.

    The second armature print worked. After a some axle spacing adjustment, it completed 60 tick tocks in  a minute-ish. I wasn't measuring, really just happy it continued tick-tocking.

  • Notes

    rkramer • 08/17/2025 at 02:48 • 0 comments

    Parts were designed in OpenSCAD, exported as STL and sliced using FlashForge's FlashPrint software using the "fine" settings (except for the pendulum mount for which precision wasn't important).

    Parts were printed on a FlashForge Creator Pro (years old now).

    The first armature had 7mm impulse faces which were way too wide.

    PartTime to printPLA filament (m)
    escapement wheel03:518.74
    armature v1 (6mm thickness)01:173.3
    armature v2 (3mm thickness)00:532.13
    pendulum mount00:321.8

View all 3 project logs

  • 1
    Build it

    Copy my OpenSCAD files, print the parts and assemble as per the pictures. The most important dimension is the axle spacing which is in the CAD files, and it will require tweaking. There is no need to use my precise mounting "technology": two 1x2 wood blocks. You just need some sort of front and back that is rigid so that once you achieve the right spacing and it's tick-tocking happily, you can lock those parts down hard.

  • 2
    Adjust things

    There are a few things to be aware of not obvious in the pictures.

    Axle spacing 

    ...is indeed finicky, but not a showstopper. The pillow blocks holding the escapement wheel's shaft were mounted with wood screws. But:

    1. holes for the armature's shaft and pillow block mounting screws were all drilled a couple mm larger than required to allow adjustment
    2. machine, not wood, screws were used for those pillow blocks, and
    3. wingnuts! You'll want wingnuts.

    A moderate amount of adjustment was required, and these points facilitate it.

    Pendulum

    I used a 108cm 5mm diameter dowel weighing 12g as the pendulum, mounted such that from its tip to the armature's axle center was 110cm. A 1m length should give the expected 0.5Hz pendulum frequency, and I didn't even attach a bob so the CG was only ~55cm.

    Weight

    I used a spare flange coupler in a pill bottle together weighing 43g as my weight. In the spirit of "minimal investment," I could fasten the weight to the fishing line I used just by closing the end of the line in the cap though a screw-eye in the lid wouldn't hurt. 

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Discussions

rkramer wrote 08/16/2025 at 19:30 • point

Thanks for that, but I don't plan on heading towards a full _clock_ build. This will likely serve as a physics platform for some science fair work with my son.

  Are you sure? yes | no

wyzarddoc wrote 08/16/2025 at 18:48 • point

look at a software program called "Gearrotic" this is by the guy who wrote the Mach3 software. It will calculate gears for a clock and escapements. I am currently on the same quest.

  Are you sure? yes | no

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