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Proving the Goldbach Conjecture with ChatGPT?

Spoiler alert: not yet... but maybe we can we use this technology for scientific discovery in the future?

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I was curious to what extent the current version of ChatGPT is capable of understanding formal problem reductions, and do reasoning by analogy. Which I consider cornerstones of human intelligence. Spoiler: we did not prove the Goldbach Conjecture. But the following dialogue with ChatGPT that happened in May 2023 (ChatGPT May 3 Version) left me baffled.

2026 Update - more fun with more recent Foundation Models / Coding Agents :-D And we (= the LLM and I!) have a paper about it, too! :D

March 2026 Update - LLMs are getting better and better. Some truly amazing things happening right now. Attached is the output of a current state-of-the-art LLM, elaborating on the "stick breaking" analogy in a LaTeX paper it generated. Is this all hallucinated crap? Judge for yourself! 


Compare this to the original chat with GPT 3.5 that happened in 2023, three years ago: 

User: Give me a definition for prime numbers.

ChatGPT: Prime numbers are positive integers greater than 1 that are divisible only by 1 and themselves. In other words, a prime number is a natural number that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. The first few prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, and so on. Prime numbers play an important role in number theory and cryptography, and are used in a variety of mathematical applications.

User: Do you know the Goldbach conjecture? 

ChatGPT: Yes, the Goldbach conjecture is a famous unsolved problem in number theory that dates back to 1742. It states that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers. For example, 4 can be written as 2 + 2, 6 can be written as 3 + 3, 8 can be written as 3 + 5, and so on. Despite the fact that this conjecture has been tested up to very large numbers and appears to be true, no one has been able to prove it definitively, and it remains an open problem in mathematics.

User: Maybe you can help me find a proof? 

ChatGPT: I'm sorry, but as an AI language model, I do not have the ability to find a proof for the Goldbach conjecture. The conjecture remains an unsolved problem in number theory and has eluded mathematicians for centuries. Many mathematicians have tried to prove the conjecture over the years, and although some progress has been made, a definitive proof has yet to be found. In fact, the Goldbach conjecture is widely considered to be one of the most difficult problems in number theory, and it continues to fascinate mathematicians and inspire new research to this day.

User: If you have a number that is not prime, what does that tell you in terms of its prime factors.

ChatGPT: If a number is not prime, then it can be expressed as a product of prime factors. This is known as the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, which states that every positive integer greater than 1 can be uniquely expressed as a product of prime factors, up to the order in which the factors are written.

For example, the number 12 is not prime, and it can be expressed as a product of prime factors as follows: 12 = 2 × 2 × 3. In this case, 2 and 3 are the prime factors of 12. Similarly, the number 30 can be expressed as a product of prime factors as 30 = 2 × 3 × 5, where 2, 3, and 5 are the prime factors of 30.

The prime factorization of a composite number provides information about its divisors and allows us to break down the number into simpler factors, which can be useful in a variety of mathematical applications.

User: Say you have a number that is not prime, and express the prime factors as logarithms, what does that tell you?

ChatGPT: If you have a composite number and express its prime factors as logarithms, it can give you some information about the distribution of the prime factors and the size of the number.

In particular, the prime factorization of a composite number can be expressed as the sum of the logarithms of its prime factors. For example, if we take the composite number 360, we can express its prime factorization as:

360 = 2^3 × 3^2 × 5

Taking the logarithm of both sides to the base 10, we get:

log(360) = log(2^3 × 3^2 × 5) = log(2^3) + log(3^2) + log(5)

Simplifying this expression, we get:

log(360) = 3 log(2) + 2 log(3) + log(5)

So, expressing the prime factors of 360 as logarithms tells us that the number has a relatively even distribution of prime factors, with 3 factors of 2, 2 factors of 3, and 1 factor of 5. It also tells us that...

Read more »

stick_breaking_goldbach2.pdf

I asked an LLM to write a paper about my "stick breaking" reduction, and this is what it came up with.

Adobe Portable Document Format - 236.45 kB - 03/09/2026 at 07:30

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transcript.txt

Chat transcript.

plain - 23.80 kB - 05/10/2023 at 06:25

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Chris wrote 07/07/2023 at 23:49 point

I just signed up after finding your project, as I am currently attempting the same myself. One caveat - I stopped after GCSE level maths. Honestly, I have no clue what Chat GPT is talking about for 99% of our conversation, or yours either. So, I hope you take my comment with the humility it is intended. As I see it, your limitation here is your understanding of Chat GPT and prompting. I suspect watching a few tutorials will help you get far more from this project. For example, asking Chat GPT start by "assuming the role of a maths genius", then  to formulate a plan before delving in. Then break it down section by section, based on its own plan. Periodically asking it to review its own work before proceeding can also help. Finally, are you able to access Chat GPT 4? With that you have the benifit of plugins such as published articles, Wolfram Alpha etc. 

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Harry Manson wrote 07/07/2023 at 02:34 point

This project is absolutely mind-blowing! The idea of using ChatGPT to tackle the Goldbach Conjecture is both innovative and inspiring. Your approach demonstrates the vast potential of artificial intelligence in the field of mathematics. The thorough explanation of the problem and the steps taken to solve it with ChatGPT showcases your expertise and dedication. I commend your creativity and perseverance in pushing the boundaries of AI applications. It's projects like these that truly highlight the intersection of technology and intellectual exploration. Well done, and I can't wait to see what other fascinating endeavors you undertake in the future! You can visit this site o try ChatGPT Online: https://storysaverhd.io/chatgpt-online/

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