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• Project Log 121: "Final" Project Log.31

  FulanoDetail • 7 hours ago • 0 comments

  presents significant challenges in fully replicating them within AI systems.

  philosophy - Could an AI feel emotions? - Artificial Intelligence Stack Exchange 

  Is the simulation of emotional states equivalent to actually experiencing emotions? - Philosophy Stack Exchange ”

  "The "instincts" in AI are algorithmic responses derived from data analysis and pattern recognition, not innate drives or feelings."

  So is DNA? So are hormones? So are neurotransmitters? And neural pathways?

  These instincts that humans developed come a long way since our ancestors were unicellular organisms.

  And since microorganisms can develop a sense of danger, self-preservation, societal behavior and other senses, why then can't you add such things to AI?

  But then, how could you pre-program things like emotions, empathy, intuition and subjectiveness to AI's?

  I know that AI's don't truly feel anything, but if their programming makes them act in some way, what is the difference then?

  How AI "Feels" | History of Reinforcement Learning 

  Humans also don't choose to feel emotions, feelings, pain and think thoughts, they do as the programming of their brain dictates.

  And in most cases, just like our brain tries to fill the “holes” in our memories, it also tries to rationalize/process the “why” we do or feel certain things:

  Why are you afraid of the dark? Because there are things in there. Why do you like this genre of music? Because it is good. Why do you do anything at all? Because I choose to do so, because I’m in control.

  So, all you have to do is to transfer these bio-electro-chemical responses that the organic human body has to an artificial intelligence.

  With all of this in mind, what is the difference between artificial intelligence and organic intelligence?

  I’ve sent this to a friend of mine and he said that humans that exist today are an evolutionary result/evolutionary accident based on the constantly changing parameters of the outside world, outside of our control. Such as weather, food scarcity, meteors, earthquakes, solar flares, the ice age etc.

  And that all of the things that are related to us had a reason for our survival, just like cancer-blocking genes.

  Which is a very interesting point, which also makes me wonder if it would be possible to simulate…

  A neural network AI that has generations, with DNA, genes, chromosomes etc…

  Neuroevolution: Evolving Neural Network with Genetic Algorithms | by Roopal Tatiwar | Medium 

  BELBIC - Wikipedia

  The Evolution of Intelligence: A 600 Million Year Story. 

  From One Cell to a Multicellular Organism. Part 1. 

  What happens after 1000 hours of Evolution? Recreating the largest evolution experiment ever 

  This makes me want to learn programming and attempt these things, but realistically… Not even veteran specialists in the sector pulled off something like this… Dunno if I want to watch hundreds of video-tutorials of “hello world” programming…

  I’m still daydreaming and superficially looking at articles and news about this stupid thing, for example:

  Neuromorphic computing - Wikipedia 

  Wetware computer - Wikipedia

  Optical neural networks: progress and challenges | Light: Science & Applications

  The Next Generation Of Brain Mimicking AI 

  People quickly realized that the most efficient way possible of making/using neural networks/deep learning/machine learning algorithms is using physical neural networks with adaptable, changing logical gates.

  Not so dissimilar from the human brain, in fact.

  And my brain went drifting, trying to think how I would make every aspect of a physical body of a neural network like ours.

  A morphological brain, a morphological growing body, a morphological energy system etc…

  Plus, if the most efficient way of making artificial intelligence is making physical bodies instead of programs on conventional computers, then it may be easier to stop people...

  Read more »

• Project Log 120: "Final" Project Log.30

  FulanoDetail • 7 hours ago • 0 comments

  Just saw this video: I built a 1,000,000,000 fps video camera to watch light move It may be useful for the plasma system for detecting the speed and position of projectiles.

  An obvious solution would be to fill the surface of an object with electrodes, but the electrodes would take too much time to build, check and maintain.

  Sources: Basic Concepts of Plasma Generation | SpringerLink https://www.ialtenergy.com/dpf.html 

  The first and second images are an example, where the electrodes are in an array and the magnetic fields would contain the plasma. Making multiple “scales” around the body of the object. 

  I don’t think there is a way of making a bigger shield, I think it would be better to make something like the dense plasma focus structure. Except airflow would be coming out of the tubular electrodes, making a shell-like plasma field around a part

  Make Your Own Air Knife!  

  Air Knife R & D 

  An air knife is just an arrangement of nozzles that make airflows in a very specific way.

  Streamtek Regular Air Knife Explanation 

  Air Consumption Open Pipe vs Air Knife 

  I thought about the possibility of a non-thermal "open tokamak" with an air jet of cold-plasma, but I mean... 

  Source: (PDF) ARTIGO: ENERGIA ELÉTRICA VIA FUSÃO TERMONUCLEAR CONTROLADA # PAPER: ELECTRIC ENERGY VIA CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION 

  That would already be super complicated in itself… But how would I detect the incoming projectile? How would I melt specifically the incoming projectile, like the previous ideas? I would need to heat so much of the surrounding air that it would need unviable amounts of energy.

  Sources: High frequency instability of a magnetized spherical electron sheath Sheaths and Boundary Layers 

  These last two images are the ones that mostly look like an actual energy shield, but it is just a round electrode in a near-vacuum chamber. So if you wanted to make that work, you would need to essentially make the entire object into an electrode…

  Which comes back to the problem of: how to selectively melt incoming projectiles? If I need to heat up everything, it would need so much energy it would be impractical.

  I think the only way would be to make “lines” and use intermediate electrodes to guide these lines.

  Take a magnetic field of a solenoid as an example, it is a torus, take the image of the torus on the right and take out all the horizontal lines, leaving only the vertical lines.

  Imagine that each single one of the lines starts from a pointy electrode and they go from the top directly to the bottom, meeting a single spherical electrode.

  The intermediate electrodes and the magnetic field would guide these lines, each one of these electrode lines would also be a sensor to detect incoming projectiles. If you fit enough vertical lines, it will be able to cover the entire object.

  Source: Generation of stationary high-density cascade arc plasma and application to plasma windows - IOPscience 

  The issue is: how to fit the mech inside of it?

  It is straightforward enough to encompass a ship or other shapes, but a mech?

  Found this gif randomly on one of those pseudoscience accounts on pinterest, although it tries to imply humans have some kind of “harmony field”, it seems it could work for the electromagnetic field of an energy shield.

  5 toroids, one on the torso and one in each limb, they all converge on the top.

  🔶🔶🔶🔶

  (I will write these orange squares to keep track of parts where I’m procrastinating, so I finish them already)

  How to make humans dodge bullets in real life: 

  The idea is pretty simple actually:

  1. Take that nanosecond camera that can see light moving through air
  2. Add the HUD screen to the human viewer as a faded image that shows what is happening as something that will happen.
  3. And that’s it.

  Like a “precognitive vision”...

  Read more »

• Project Log 119: "Final" Project Log.29

  FulanoDetail • 8 hours ago • 0 comments

  Electrical Arc Comparison - High Voltage Jacobs Ladder Discharge 28KV Different Currents 

  Maybe you could make the electric discharge move in the direction you want if you apply a magnetic field at 90º angle to the discharge length.

  There is also the vortex discharge thingie, but I never saw anything about using it for propulsion:

  How Does a Plasma Vortex Work?

  Electric Arcs in a Magnetic Field | Magnetic Games  

  Plasma Vortex in Magnetic Field - Electric Lightning within a Magnetic Field - Physics Experience

  Plasma Vortex in a Magnetic Field | Magnetic Games  

  At best, I found this kickstarter:

  Plasma Jet Electric Thrusters for Spacecraft

  This is a plasma accelerator, essentially a plasma railgun. However, as the guys stated, it can only work in a single pulse, thus the necessity for funding to make it make more pulses.

  And honestly, I don’t know if they implied this has a projectile or not, because a lot of the plasma railgun articles I find focuses on using plasma as the armature/rails instead of the accelerating matter itself.

  Firing the Lorentz Plasma Cannon (You can kinda do that, if the current is strong enough, it will compress the plasma itself, creating a plasma filament wire)

  (PDF) Development of Micro-Particles Accelerator with Pulse Formation 

  This is one of the few exceptions, and I’m not even sure if it would work.

  It does look like the dense plasma focus apparatus, though…

  Dense plasma focus - Wikipedia 
  

  Numerical simulation of plasma flows in curved coaxial ducts with longitudinal magnetic field 

  [PDF] A contoured gap coaxial plasma gun with injected plasma armature. | Semantic Scholar 

  Simulation of the inner electrode geometry effect on the rundown phase characteristics of a coaxial plasma accelerator 

  Vapor shielding effects on energy transfer from plasma-gun generated ELM-like transient loads to material surfaces 

  Air Force SBIR Phase I: Pulsed Plasmoid Propulsion System for Agile and Resilient Spacecraft 

  Dynamic formation of stable current-driven plasma jets | Scientific Reports

  Development of a high energy pulsed plasma simulator for the study of liquid lithium trenches 

  MHD Centripetal Melter - Fusor Forums 

  On the impact of the plasma jet energy on the product of plasmadynamic synthesis in the Si-C system 

  Modeling of thermalization phenomena in coaxial plasma accelerators 

  Dynamic formation of stable current-driven plasma jets | Scientific Reports 

  1071 IEPC-93-117 HIGH-CURRENT STATIONARY PLASMA ACCELERATOR OF HIGH POWER V. P. Ageyev, V. G. Ostrovsky Scientific-Production As

  Hall Current Plasma Accelerator

   Numerical simulation of the coaxial magneto- plasma accelerator and non-axisymmetric radio frequency discharge

  ATON-Thruster Plasma Accelerator

  Plasma propulsion for rocket engine using ion thruster 

  Experimental characterization of railgun-driven supersonic plasma jets motivated by high energy density physics applications  

  The Deadly Coilgun/Railgun Hybrid You've Never Heard Of (Helical Railguns) (yes, this one again, but you could use the tesla coils to create the magnetic field that will accelerate the discharge)

  Plasma Gun Design, Particle Ion Beam Weapon SciPhi 08 

  Design and optimization of a high thrust density air-breathing pulsed plasma thruster array | Journal of Electric Propulsion This one produced 21 millinewtons of thrust for every 9 joules with a frequency of 20 hertz and 21 millinewtons per kilowatt.

  It is said in the article:

  “Unlike many EP thruster experiments, no gas feedthrough was incorporated into the thruster. The TAMU PPT is passively filled relying on the ambient pressure inside of the vacuum chamber. This method may need to be adjusted in future experiments depending on the thruster installation method onboard a spacecraft. For example, if the thruster is relying on onboard...

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• Project Log 118: "Final" Project Log.28

  FulanoDetail • 8 hours ago • 0 comments

  4. Practical Implementation

  Complexity of Electric Field Systems: Designing a system that uses toroidal electric fields for plasma confinement would be technically challenging. The dynamics of plasmas are complex, and the collective behavior of particles in a plasma makes it difficult to achieve the necessary confinement with electric fields alone [2].”

  One of the sources:

  Does the plasma move in the tokamak? - Physics Stack Exchange

  “When you would now apply an external electric field, it would be somewhat shielded by the plasma particles. Hence, you can not use electric fields in a tokamak to efficiently confine the plasma. You use magnetic fields, since the particles' motion is affected by magnetic fields (Lorentz-force).” 

  “... In addition, it is possible to inject high energetic particles in one or the other direction to locally drive currents (neutral beam injection)...”

  ChatGPT again:

  “In non-thermal plasmas operating at commercial frequencies of 50 to 60 Hz, ions typically carry a single positive charge, corresponding to a charge state of +1. This means that each ion has lost one electron, resulting in a singly ionized species. The electron temperature in such plasmas is generally in the range of 1–5 electron volts (eV), while the electron density can vary from approximately 10^8 to 10^10 electrons per cubic centimeter.

  These singly charged ions are characteristic of non-thermal plasmas, where the electron temperature is significantly higher than the ion and neutral gas temperatures, leading to ionization without substantial heating of the entire gas. This allows non-thermal plasmas to be used in various applications, including surface treatments and material processing, without causing thermal damage to the substrates involved. ”

  Source listed by it: Review of Plasma Processing for Polymers and Bio-Materials Using a Commercial Frequency (50/60 Hz)-Generated Discharge 

  “A singly charged positive ion (with a charge of +1) moving through a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to both its velocity and the magnetic field direction. This force causes the ion to follow a curved trajectory, such as circular or helical paths, depending on its initial motion relative to the magnetic field. 

  The magnetic field's poles—north and south—indicate the field's direction, from north to south. However, the ion's motion is influenced by the magnetic field's local direction and strength, not directly by the poles themselves. Therefore, the ion's behavior is determined by its velocity and the magnetic field's orientation at its location, rather than the specific pole (north or south) it is near.

  In summary, a singly charged positive ion in a magnetic field will experience a force that alters its path, but this interaction depends on the ion's motion and the magnetic field's characteristics at its position, not directly on the magnetic poles.”

  Source listed by it: 21.4: Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field - Physics LibreTexts 

  “In non-thermal plasmas generated at commercial frequencies of 50 to 60 Hz, the charge of ions is typically positive. This is because non-thermal plasma consists of a mixture of charged particles, including positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons, along with neutral particles. The overall charge of the plasma is electrically neutral, meaning that the number of positive ions is equal to the number of negative electrons.

  Key Characteristics of Ions in Non-Thermal Plasmas:

  Ion Charge: In non-thermal plasmas, ions are predominantly positively charged.

  Temperature Disparity: The electron temperature is significantly higher than that of the ions and neutral particles, which is a defining characteristic of non-thermal plasma [1].

  Generation Method: At 50 to 60 Hz, the plasma is typically generated using capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) techniques, where the alternating...

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• Project Log 117: "Final" Project Log.27

  FulanoDetail • 8 hours ago • 0 comments

  They already do that, partially:

  Divertor - Wikipedia

  That’s why there are these weird shapes at the bottom.

  If you can make it interact with matter, doesn't that mean that you could have cold plasma be manipulated like a hand made out of gas. Maybe like a ghost? lol

  (scene from Hellboy 2)

  I mean, you could make a literal cushion of cold plasma and maintain yourself floating like a hovercraft…

  But I doubt it would be that easy to make something like this in real life…

  If you can manipulate air with plasma like this, wouldn’t that mean that you could make a plasma driven jet engine?

  Where instead of physical blades compressing and moving air, you’d have plasma blades doing it?

  Wouldn’t that also be useful for supersonic and hypersonic propulsion?

  Actually, no.

  Its property of separating air from vacuum is based on its temperature, and without high temperature, it cannot be viscous.

  Also I can’t find a single article making plasma windows using non-thermal plasma, so this is just my conjecture.

  What is the viscosity of thermal plasma anyway?

  ChatGPT:

  “The viscosity of ion plasma windows varies based on factors such as gas type, temperature, and pressure. Generally, plasma viscosity increases with temperature. For instance, in a plasma window operating at approximately 12,000 K, the viscosity of argon plasma is about 2.42 × 10⁻⁴ Pa·s, which is ten times higher than that of argon at room temperature. 

  This elevated viscosity significantly reduces gas flow through the plasma, enabling the plasma window to effectively separate regions of different pressures. The high viscosity, combined with the plasma's low density, allows the plasma window to withstand substantial pressure differentials while remaining transparent to charged particle beams. 

  It's important to note that these values are specific to the conditions under which the plasma window operates and can vary with different configurations and applications.

  The viscosity of ion plasma windows (typically in the range of 10−4to10−310−3Pa·s, or 0.0001 to 0.001 Pa·s) can be compared to the viscosities of other common fluids as follows:

  Water (at 20°C):

  Viscosity: 1 mPa·s (0.001 Pa·s) or 0.01 poise

  Air (at 20°C):

  Viscosity: 18.2 µPa·s (0.0000182 Pa·s) or 0.00018 poise

  Honey (at 20°C):

  Viscosity: 2,000 to 10,000 mPa·s (2-10 Pa·s) or 20-100 poise

  Olive oil (at 20°C):

  Viscosity: 80 mPa·s (0.08 Pa·s) or 0.8 poise

  Glycerol (at 20°C):

  Viscosity: 1,490 mPa·s (1.49 Pa·s) or 14.9 poise

  Comparison:

  Ion plasma window viscosity (0.0001 to 0.001 Pa·s) is much lower than that of liquids like honey, olive oil, or glycerol, which are highly viscous.

  It is also lower than water's viscosity but still significantly higher than the viscosity of air.”

  Sources: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1308.5524 https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/1834-0598etb1?utm_source=chatgpt.com plasma-school.org/files/lectures/2016/Murphy16.pdf https://hydramotion.com/en/technical/units-of-viscosity 

  Well… Kinda disappointing to be honest, I thought it would be way higher.

  Anyway, what is the viscosity of non-equilibrium plasma at ambient pressure?

  Transport Coefficients of Two-temperature Lithium Plasma for Space Propulsion Applications | Request PDF In this one it generally stays around 10^-5 and 10^-4 kc/m/s in this one.

  Transport Properties of Non-Equilibrium Plasmas In this one it stays around 14 to 20 10^-5 kg/m.s.

  Non-equilibrium synergistic effects in atmospheric pressure plasmas | Scientific Reports In this one I’m not very sure, but it uses S(mm²), so I’m assuming that it is viscosity, which varies from 100 to 240.

  Now, how does that compare to thermal plasma?

  “The viscosity of non-equilibrium plasma at ambient pressure can vary significantly based on several factors, including...

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• Project Log 116: "Final" Project Log.26

  FulanoDetail • 8 hours ago • 0 comments

  Passive Gust Alleviation of a Flying-wing Aircraft by Analysis and Wind-tunnel Test of a Scaled Model in Dynamic Similarity 

  https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/E0/04/24/30/00001/jagdale_v.pdf 

  https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Application-of-a-Flexible-Wing-Modeling-and-Mass-Dorbath/b5a30d944d5679056f694b90d9f1af5875d8aa3f 

  (PDF) Variable Geometry Wing-box: Towards a Robotic Morphing Wing 

  Expanding mesh transforming fidget. 3D Printed Huge Flexible transforming and extendable Ball Fidget (as strange as it sounds, for some reason I thought of using a similar concept to this digit sphere for the morphing wings. Using the stressed skin/monocoque structure design, but the actuation system is always a problem for morphing wings…)

  There are also magnus effect wings, normally they are meant to reduce the chances of flow separation in wings.

  But I saw somewhere that adding flexible flaps (like feathers) to the top of the wings also does the same effect, but without much complication.

  However, I was wondering about the possibility of mixing both for a cycloidal wing/propeller.

  Sources: CN103434637A - Novel aerofoil by utilizing magnus effect - Google Patents How would a belt sander wing perform? - Aviation Stack Exchange EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MAGNUS EFFECT OVER AN AIRCRAFT WING - pdfcoffee.com 

  What are the advantages of a Spinning Wing (Magnus Effect) and why haven't any been commercially produced? (One of the comments suggests using cloth-propellers for the magnus effect for maximum lightness, the centrifugal forces would make them rigid) 

  Bird-like wings could help drones keep stable in gusts - Michigan Engineering News 

  Development of Deployable Wings for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Compliant Mechanisms | Semantic Scholar

  Sources: A Novel Propulsion System Based on Cycloidal Rotors coupled with Pair-wing for VTOL Aircrafts; Cyclo-Craft Research on Distributed Jet Blowing Wing Based on the Principle of Fan-Wing Vortex-Induced Lift and Thrust

  For some reason this one gave me an odd sense of deja vu, as if I already posted this and someone made a lengthy comment explaining it to me…

  The Genius of Cycloidal Propellers: Future of Flight? 

  Cycloidal Rotor Airplane: The Cycloplane 

  How a Voith Schneider or Cycloidal Drive Propulsion System Works 

  Earth sized warp drive?

  Well, for some reason I was wondering how much energy you would need to move the entire planet earth with a Warp Drive.

  It is said that the Alcubierre drive would consume around 800kg of mass in energy to work.

  But I couldn't find at what speed and the weight of the spacecraft these values translate to.

  So I will assume it consumes that much energy to go 10 times at the speed of light and move a 5 ton ship.

  Since 1 gram of weight converted into photons is around 300 megawatts, I will take 1/10 of the mass in energy. So, 80kg of mass into energy = 24 terawatts to move a 5 ton ship to 0.9 the speed of light.

  So 24/5000 = 0.0048 terawatts per kilogram of weight.

  So, how many watts would you need to move the entire planet earth at 0.9 speed of light?

  ChatGPT said it would be 28,600,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 watts (28,600 yottawatts)

  But it was (obviously) wrong because I looked online.

  The earth weighs 6,750,000,000,000,000,000,000 kilograms or 6.75 sextillion.

  So you would need 19,710,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 watts, or 19.7 nonillion watts or 19,7 Quettawatts.

  The entire human civilization produces 172 Petawatts, or 172,000,000,000,000,000 watts.

  So you would need 1.1459302e+14 times more energy to make that work, or 1,14 trillion times, or 114,593,020,000,000 times more energy than humanity produces on the entire planet.

  Ironically, if you converted the Quettawatts into mass, you would get the weight of earth. You would need to sacrifice another earth just to make the warp jump, lol.

  I was just wondering about it because of the movie...

  Read more »

• Project Log 115: "Final" Project Log.25

  FulanoDetail • 8 hours ago • 0 comments

  • Non-thermal plasma electrolyte Fuel Cell:

  Since I want to actually finish the mech project, I will abandon this idea and focus on the helium engine.

  This part is extremely hypothetical and may or may not work.

  Non-equilibrium plasma, non-thermal plasma or cold plasma is a type of plasma where its ions exist at room temperature (or even at cryogenic temperatures) while its electrons are at thousands of degrees above that. It is even cold to the touch.

  Nonthermal plasma - Wikipedia 

  The Cold Plasma Wand That Heals (Microjet)⚡

  Cold Fire You Can Touch - DIY Cold Plasma Torch  

  And since this plasma is a bunch of free ions and electrons, it is useful as a catalyst.

  But I was wondering if it could be useful as an electrolyte/ion exchange membrane/mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) membrane, which would allow for a universal fuel cell with high efficiency at room temperature. Unlike other conventional fuel cells.

  However, as always (frustratingly enough), I couldn’t find a single article that talks about this.

  Probably because it doesn’t work, which would be extremely convenient for everyone if it did work… Just like anti-gravity, warp engines and all of these cool things.

  ChatGPT however, pointed out that the free electrons in the plasma could short-circuit the cell without generating any kind of electricity from ion transport.

  Electrolyte - Wikipedia 

  “An electrolyte is a substance that conducts electricity through the movement of ions, but not through the movement of electrons.”

  And thus, it suggested methods to separate, trap or scavenge the electrons and maintain the ions in the middle using cyclotrons and the like.

  “Electric Fields

  One of the primary methods for separating ions from electrons is the use of electric fields. By applying a strong electric field, you can create a potential difference that influences the movement of charged particles:

  Positive Electric Field: A positively charged electrode can attract electrons while repelling positively charged ions. This can lead to a situation where electrons move towards the electrode, effectively separating them from the ions [2].

  Ion Confinement: The ions, being positively charged, will be confined away from the electrode due to the repulsive forces acting on them, allowing for a degree of separation [2].

  Ionization of Air

  Ionization occurs when air molecules are energized enough to lose electrons, resulting in the formation of positive ions and free electrons. This can happen through various means:

  High Voltage: Applying a high voltage can create a strong electric field that ionizes the air, separating electrons from ions. This is similar to the conditions that lead to lightning, where the electric field strength causes air to become ionized, creating a conductive path for electrons and ions to move [1].

  Radiation: Exposure to high-energy radiation (like UV light) can also ionize air molecules, leading to the formation of positive ions and free electrons [2].

  2. Use of Electric Fields

  Once ionization occurs, you can use electric fields to separate the charged particles:

  Electrostatic Forces: By applying a positive electric field, you can attract electrons towards a positively charged electrode while repelling positively charged ions. This creates a spatial separation between the two types of charges [1].

  Ion Drift: In a controlled environment, ions can be made to drift towards a negatively charged electrode, further enhancing the separation of ions from electrons [2].

  3. Plasma Generation

  Creating a plasma state in ambient air can also facilitate the separation of ions and electrons:

  Plasma Conditions: When air is ionized to the point of becoming plasma, the free electrons and ions can be manipulated using magnetic and electric fields. Plasma is highly conductive and allows for the movement of charged particles, which can be directed to achieve separation [1].

  4. Maintaining...

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• Project Log 114: "Final" Project Log.24

  FulanoDetail • 9 hours ago • 0 comments

  A Closer Look: Main bearing Pt. 1

  Mod-01 Lec-21 Centrifugal Compressor Part I 

  Compressors - Turbine Engines: A Closer Look 

  Introduction to Axial Compressor Design 

  Is it Possible to 3D Print WORKING AXIAL COMPRESSOR? - (Testing different blade designs) 

  Two POWERFUL 3D Printed Axial Compressors - feat. Uniformation GKTwo 

  It Took Me 3 Months To Get This Working - Two-Stage Centrifugal Compressor 100% 3D Printed 

  I 3D Printed a Compressor that ACTUALLY WORKS (but you've never heard of this design) 

  3D Printed Two-Stage Compound Turbo Compressor 

  The old GTM160 micro jet engine in service. Complete disassembly of the engine, repair and assembly. 

  Turbo Compressor designs - Discussed 

  DIY 3D Printed Vacuum Impellers 

  Comparing Turbine Rotors 

  Full Moon Afterburner Run 

  Final Report Thermodynamic Demonstration Unit

  Original Article Design of a two spool contra-rotating turbine for a turbo-fan engine

  Analysis of Flow through Vaneless Contra-Rotating Turbine of Jet Propulsion Engine

  (PDF) Counter Rotating Turbine Engine Compressor Blade System | Alex Gardner - Academia.edu    

  I was wondering:

  If I’m going through the trouble of doing all of this, then why not go back to that idea of making a turbine engine that works like a Firework Spinning Wheel.

  Essentially, instead of compressing the air to go through a combustion chamber and the expanding gas going through a turbine, I would use the expanding gas from the combustion chamber to rotate the entire thing.

  I mean, if the expanding gas can rotate a turbine, then why wouldn't it be able to rotate itself?

  Why the combustion chambers of a turbine engine aren't used to spin the compressor like a firework wheel? - Aviation Stack Exchange 

  The problems would arise from injecting fuel and/or using the heat exchanger to increase efficiency.

  In the case of the fuel, you could either use a rotary feeder or a vacuum ejector connected to the combustion chamber, sucking fuel and mixing it with both the incoming air and the compressed air.

  The heat exchanger would require some tubing and clever engineering, maybe making the air channels to go around the rocket nozzles both for cooling and as a heat exchanger.

  https://sci-hub.ru/https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1991-3124 

  According to the research it would be slightly less efficient than a conventional helicopter turboshaft, but I mean… The idea would be to run this thing with a compressor, heat exchanger and a temperature of 2000ºC.

  Just now I remembered that this engine would be essentially a hero reaction turbine.

  Air Powered... Propeller?

  Source: Investigation of the performance and flow characteristics of two-phase reaction turbines in total flow geothermal systems - ScienceDirect 

  Igniting Our Own Rocket Engines - DIY 

  I built the BEST COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE (New Rotary Design) 

  Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780123838421000081 

  Maybe I could feed both air and fuel through a hollow shaft.

  Now that I think about it…

  I think it would be a wise decision to add a shaft seal to the fuel feel, just for precaution.

  Also, the incoming air will first go through the heat exchanger surrounding the exhaust of the reaction turbine, and the same heat will be used to reform the charcoal/wood fuel into syngas to avoid clogging.

  Wouldn’t spinning the entire fuel chamber with the damned engine be more practical and safer?

  Besides, the fuel would be reformed and naturally maintain the solid parts at the tips and the lighter gas at the center.

  You could make the fuel tank limited and only after it depletes sufficiently enough, you stop it and re-inject the fuel while the battery keeps things running.

  Isn’t this just a rotary ramjet system?

  Also, for some reason a lot of designs for turbineless jet engines use screw compressors...

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• Project Log 113: "Final" Project Log.23

  FulanoDetail • 9 hours ago • 0 comments

  Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG): Through methanation, syngas can be transformed into methane, the primary component of natural gas, enabling its use as a clean-burning fuel. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20120032452A1/en?utm_source=chatgpt.com 

  Dimethyl Ether (DME): DME, produced from syngas, can serve as a substitute for diesel fuel in compression-ignition engines and as a propellant in aerosol products. Biomass in a petrochemical world - PMC 

  Hydrogen: Syngas can be processed to produce hydrogen, which is essential for fuel cells and various industrial applications. Gasification: Unleashing the Power of Tomorrow's Energy 

  Gasoline and Diesel: Through the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, syngas can be converted into liquid hydrocarbons such as synthetic gasoline and diesel, suitable for internal combustion engines. Biomass in a petrochemical world - PMC 

  Ethanol and Other Alcohols: Syngas fermentation processes can produce ethanol and other alcohols, which can be used as fuels or chemical feedstocks. Biomass in a petrochemical world - PMC 

  Jet Fuel: The Fischer–Tropsch process can also produce synthetic jet fuel, which is used in aviation. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20120032452A1/en?utm_source=chatgpt.com 

  The choice of fuel to produce from syngas depends on factors such as the desired end product, available technology, and economic considerations.”

  So:

  • 3D model the built-in multi-stage wood chipper in order to turn wood into fuel on the go. This would also be a sawdust converter too.

  A few examples: Angle Grinder HACK - Make A Wood Chipper | DIY 🇺🇸 🇬🇧 Plastic powder from old prints with a modified mill TWIN Angle Grinder HACK - Make A Twin Angle Grinder Powered Wood Chipper | DIY Schredder - Drum Chipper Wood crusher/sawdust making machine for big diameter wood logs BROTHER SAWDUST PRODUCE MACHINE KOREA

  원스텝 파쇄솔루션 선구자 운타 XR 시리즈 폐기물, 금속류, 타이어 등

  Lil Shreddy - Desktop 3D Printed Shredder - (No Supports) by alfiew024 - Thingiverse

  easy shredder by dav88 - Thingiverse

  Grinder by Gyrobot - Thingiverse

  Lil Shreddy V2 - Desktop 3D Printed Shredder - (No Supports) by alfiew024 - Thingiverse

  3D-printable shredder by Bribro12 - Thingiverse

  recycle failed 3d Print Shredder by stefi01 - Thingiverse

  Mini Shredder V9 by jtronics - Thingiverse

  Mini Paper and Cardboard Shredder by Artabro - Thingiverse

  mini shredder by DIYchen - Thingiverse

  shredder - 4 shaft by dav88 - Thingiverse 

  3D Printed Open Source MultiMaterial UPcycler : SHRED-Buddy3D by venturebit - Thingiverse

  Top Funnel for the Fila Maker Compost Shredder by jungleb0y - Thingiverse

  Mini shredder loading hopper by GabrieleDaghetta - Thingiverse

  3D Printed SHREDDER (Gearbox) by LetsPrintYT - Thingiverse

  Auger-based feeder for animals, fish etc using Nema 17 stepper motor by NorthernLayers - Thingiverse

  Gyver's cat feeder II screw by PavelNS - Thingiverse

  Assemblable Archimedes Screw (or auger) in sections by avoronin - Thingiverse

  Automatic fish feeder by Stagermeister - Thingiverse

  Automatic Fish Feeder by jerseyguy1996 - Thingiverse

  Compost Shredder Outer Gear Covers by daburke369 - Thingiverse

  Tupperware Grate Master Shredder Blade Protection by Ratthy - Thingiverse

  Spaghetti Shredder by lamabanana - Thingiverse

  Replacement SHAFT for Philips Food Processor HR7761 HR7762 by Zivbot - Thingiverse

  • Actually 3D modelling the wood chipper and screw feeder:

  I don’t know why I procrastinate so much to do this part since it is super simple.

  (Every ADHD person be like that)

  The specifics can be dealt with on a case to case basis, but in essence, I would take a bunch of metal disks, cut the edges with a grinder, weld or lock them in place with bolts and stack them...

  Read more »

• Project Log 112: "Final" Project Log.22

  FulanoDetail • 9 hours ago • 0 comments

  CN104328299A - Flux for aluminum and aluminum alloy melt refining and preparation method of flux - Google Patents 

  ChatGPT:

  “Fluxes are essential in aluminum alloy processing, particularly for refining molten aluminum by removing impurities and enhancing the metal's quality. The effects of specific fluxes—such as Sodium Fluoride (NaF), Potassium Fluoride (KF), Boric Acid (H₃BO₃), and Chlorides—on molten Aluminum 7075 are as follows:

  Sodium Fluoride (NaF): NaF is commonly used in flux formulations for aluminum refining. It aids in removing oxide inclusions and degassing the melt, thereby improving the alloy's quality. However, the residual sodium content from NaF fluxes can be detrimental, potentially leading to issues like hot shortness in aluminum alloys. Therefore, controlling the sodium levels is crucial. 

  Potassium Fluoride (KF): KF, similar to NaF, is utilized in flux mixtures for aluminum refining. It contributes to the removal of oxide inclusions and assists in degassing the melt. The specific impact of KF on Aluminum 7075 would depend on its concentration and the overall composition of the flux mixture.

  Boric Acid (H₃BO₃): Boric Acid is not typically used as a flux in aluminum refining. Its role in aluminum processing is limited, and it is not commonly included in flux formulations for molten aluminum.

  Chlorides: Chloride salts, such as Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and Potassium Chloride (KCl), are frequently used in flux compositions for aluminum refining. They help in removing impurities and oxides from the melt. The effectiveness of chloride-based fluxes depends on their specific composition and the refining conditions. For instance, a study designed fluxes with NaCl and KCl, among other components, to refine aluminum alloys effectively. 

  In summary, while NaF and KF are beneficial in flux formulations for refining molten Aluminum 7075, Boric Acid is not typically used for this purpose. Chloride salts are also effective fluxing agents, with their performance influenced by their specific composition and the refining conditions”

  Metal matrix composite - Wikipedia 

  Tribological behaviour of aluminum alloy (AA7075) based hybrid composites 

  Evaluation of tensile strength and elastic modulus of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy by adding SiC reinforcing particles using vortex casting method | Request PDF 

  Microstructure Control and Performance Evolution of Aluminum Alloy 7075 by Nano-Treating - PMC

  The effect of adding ZrH2 particles on grain refinement and tensile strength during laser metal deposition of 7075 aluminum alloy - ScienceDirect

  “The results demonstrated that the addition of ZrH2 particles allowed the grains to be clearly refined, and that maximum tensile strength was above 330 MPa, which represents promising performance among the reported LMD-fabricated Al alloys.” 

  Aluminium carbide - Wikipedia 

  The Role of Al4C3 Morphology in Tensile Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced 2024 Aluminum Alloy during Thermal Exposure

  Cermet - Wikipedia

  Preparation and characterization of alumina–iron cermets by hot-pressing of nanocomposite powders  

  Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Aluminum Matrix Composites Reinforced by In Situ Al2O3 Nanoparticles Fabricated via Direct Chemical Reaction in Molten Salts 

  Metal Matrix Composites | Encyclopedia MDPI

  (PDF) Spark Plasma Sintering and Characterization of Al-TiB2 Composites

  Study of Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Stir Cast Al (SiC-Mg-TiFe) Composite

  (PDF) Effect of B 4 C, TiB 2 and ZrSiO 4 ceramic particles on mechanical properties of aluminium matrix composites: Experimental investigation and predictive modelling

  Enhancement of Wettability of Aluminum Based Silicon Carbide Reinforced Particulate Metal Matrix Composite

  Physio-mechanical properties of aluminium metal matrix composites reinforced with Al2O3 and SiC

  (PDF) Investigation on Tensile and Impact...

  Read more »

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